Global clean fossil scenario

An alternative after combustion type of CO2 removal is to convert atmospheric CO2 to methanol by a catalytic process at elevated temperature and pressure. Catalyst based on Cu and ZnO are used and laboratory demonstrations performed at a temperature of 150°C and a pressure of 5 MPa (Saito et al., 1997). Additional reaction products are CO and water. Other 

The cost includes that of liquefaction or dry ice formation, plus operational costs and pipelines if used. Fujioka et ah (1997) estimate these costs to be about 0.03 US per kWh of fuel (0.08 /kWh of electricity if that is what is produced) for the liquefied pipeline and ocean tanker disposal scheme, and 0.05 US per kWh of fuel for the dry ice scheme. 

The C02-rich waters will stimulate biological growth and may seriously alter marine habitats (Takeuchi et ah, 1997 Herzog et ah, 1996). Stability of the deposits, and the subsequent fate of any escaped CO2 will also have to be established, e.g. by empirical methods. 

The clean fossil scenario selected includes both hydrogen produced from natmal gas and from coal, with the efficiencies stated above. For use in fuel cells, the hydrogen to electricity conversion efficiency in 2050 is taken as 65%. Losses in hydrogen storage and transmission are taken as 10%, as compared with 5% for electricity transmission. 

Fossil resources are biomass that has imdergone transformations over periods of millions of years. Their use as fuels is anyway limited to a fairly short 

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