Giant colonies

Although the growth of surface colonies does not take place in a brewery fermentation there is considerable interest in connection with giant colonies whose morphology is used for distinguishing between yeast strains. 

Fig. 18.8 Component features of Giant Colonies, (a) Free from convolutions, flatly convex (section), (b) Flatly convex with central dome (section), (c) Radial valleys, well-developed dome (section and plan view), (d) Concentrically ringed, poorly-defined dome (section and plan view), (e) Peripheral concentric rings, featureless convex centre (section), (f) Raised edge and dome (section).

Fig. 100.1 Fusarium graminearum. (a) giant colony on PDA reverse side) (b) Macroconidia...

Some adult invertebrates in tropical areas have relatively high MAA concentrations in external surfaces. Holothuroids preferentially accumulate MAAs in the epidermis, giant clams have highest concentrations of MAAs in the outermost layers of siphonal mantle tissue (more than four times the concentrations in subsurface mantle layers), sea hares have high MAA levels in skin, and ascidian tunics have higher MAA concentrations in the surface cells than in basal dermal lay-ers 102,152 154 jn coraiSj e upper exposed surface of colonies can have five-fold higher UV absorption than the less irradiated vertical faces.155 These topical distribution patterns reinforce the premise that MAAs have a photoprotective function. 

Honeybees are a type of insect that lives in hives. Hives are big colonies where bees live and work, make honey, and build a home for new bees to be born. Worker bees build the new home, or honeycomb, where the queen honeybee lays her eggs. Worker bees produce a waxy substance that allows them to create hundreds of six-sided cells. When put together, these cells make a giant honeycomb. New bees are born in the honeycomb. Nectar from flowers is turned into honey and stored in the honeycomb. Honey made in honeycombs is sweet to taste and smell. 

Lemaire I, Yang H. Colony stimulating factors induce alveolar macrophage differentiation and giant cell formation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996 796 173-181. 

Hendrickson and Weber (1964) recorded the occurrence of colonies of Dirinaria sub Physcia) picta on the giant land tortoise, Geochelone elephan-topus, in the Galapogos Islands. This Dirinaria is found on all types of substrates in the area including lava rock, bark, wood, and evergreen leaves. 

Carrara, R, Stano, P., Luisi, P.L. Giant vesicles colonies a model for primitive cell communities. ChemBioChem 13(10), 1497-1502 (2012)... 

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