Geometry and Related Methods

W. Braun, Q. Rev. Biophys., 19, 115 (1987). Distance Geometry and Related Methods for Protein Structure Determination from NMR Data. 

These and related methods of structure prediction depend upon the allocation of specific electron counts to different framework geometries and these applications have been very successful in assigning structures to cluster carbonyls and their derivatives. However, for the higher polynuclear carbonyls as the molecularity of the compounds increases the predictive power of the theories becomes less decisive in differentiating between alternative structures. In essence the Wade-Mingos approach assumes that the frontier orbitals of the complex primarily involve metal orbitals so that any variation in the electron occupation will be reffected in a structural change in the metal framework. The Wade theory also requires that the structure of the complexes are based on triangulated polyhedra as found for the boron hydrides. 

The work capacity and the related damage increase following the potential capacity and specific volume become larger. When the explosive properties and packed mass are given, the effect action distance is related with the geometry and detonation methods. 

A rapid, nondestructive method based on determination of the spatial distribution of ATP, as a potential bioindicator of microbial presence and activity on monuments, artworks, and other samples related to the cultural heritage, was developed [57], After cell lysis, ATP was detected using the bioluminescent firefly luciferin-luciferase system and the method was tested on different kinds of surfaces and matrices. Figure 3 reports the localization of biodeteriogen agents on a marble specimen. Sample geometry is a critical point especially when a quantitative analysis has to be performed however, the developed method showed that with opti-... 

Conductivity sensors are most commonly used for safety purposes in household appliances. Presence and absence of washing liquor, detergency, and water softener can be easily measured and proper operation ensured [71]. The various applications mainly differ by their design of electrode geometry and methods for electrical measurement. Due to the close relation between ionic conductivity and water hardness, the automatic water softener in an automatic dishwasher can be controlled by a conductivity sensor [72]. To isolate the transmission of the measured value from the process controller, the conductivity sensor could incorporate an opto-electronical coupling [73]. Thus, protective insulation of the electrodes in a washer-dryer could be ensured. 

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