Geographic barriers

Over the past decades, and especially over the last one, the environment of the chemical industry has undergone some fundamental changes innovation has slowed down considerably, geographical barriers have largely vanished, and the skills of competitors in low-cost countries have improved. 

Movements (IFOAM) in 1972. Its mission was to enable exchange of information and ideas and to foster co-operation across cultural, language and geographic barriers. IFOAM published its understanding of Organic Standards in 1980 and has continued to revise them on a biennial basis ever since (see section 2.6.1). 

J.W. (2003). Geographic barriers isolate endemic populations of hyperthermophilic archaea. Science 301,976-978. 

C) A more complex pattern partly mediated by a geographic barrier, partly by priority effects not associated with a geographic barrier. (D) A complex mosaic pattern that is independent from true geographic barriers. 

Irwin, D.E., Phylogeographic breaks without geographic barriers to gene flow. Evolution, 56, 2383, 2002. Lavin, M., Systematics of Coursetia (Leguminosae-Papihonoideae), Syst. Bot. Monogr., 21, 1, 1988. 

---