Genetic inferiority

Nativists contend that genetically determined traits are characteristic of specific racial groups and that cultures themselves can be reduced to biological characteristics. Extremists have opposed immigration with arguments that the inferiority of some races is a biological fact based on evolutionary... 

The descendants of slaves, along with many other minorities in the United States, have had an historical, and to some extent continuing, experience of oppression and discrimination. The scientific and medical professions participated in that experience. The "scientific racism" of the nineteenth century predated the (re)discovery of genetics in 1900 one could date it at least to Linnaeus eighteenth-century classification of humans into four subspecies with its assignment of superiority to his own European subspecies. When the science of genetics arrived with the twentieth century, genetic explanations were quickly advanced for the perceived inferiority of minorities. 

The most frequent cause of posthepatic portal hypertension is right ventricular insufficiency. The central venous pressure is transferred to the hepatic veins and the sinusoids. Constrictive pericarditis leads to a state of pronounced posthepatic portal hypertension with the early development of ascites. Severe tricuspid valve incompetence also culminates in this condition. A membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava was likewise described in 1968 as a genetically determined cause of posthepatic portal hypertension (S. Yamamoto et al.). Three variants can be distinguished by angiography, depending on the different ways in which the hepatic veins are involved or whether they are affected at all. Thrombosis of the inferior vena cava can develop either from thrombosis of the pelvic veins or independently in the presence of predisposing factors. 

Transformed cultures of C. ipecacuanha, one of the recalcitrant woody plant species for Agrobacterium-mQdaaiQd transformation, have been established by a co-culture method. This work is the first report on transformation of ipecac as far as we know and this proved a capability of genetic transformation of ipecac by use of Agrobacterium-mQdiaiQd transformation. Growth of the transformed roots with only Tl-DNA was inferior to the previously reported hairy roots. However, optimization of culture conditions, basal medium and auxin addition could improve fresh mass and ipecac alkaloid productivity. The transformed root cultures presented herein may be a promising tool for an alternative source of ipecac alkaloids and for biosynthetic and transport studies of ipecac alkaloids. 

The Genetic Algorithm Evolution for Bee Queen although presents inferior results, it has the great advantage of optimization time to be less between aU genetic algorithms. 

The application of the Pareto concept, in search of the solution of the multiobjective optimization problem, allows to evaluate the optimal choice of the DV that represents a compromise solution which guarantees an acceptable level of relative displacement. An Evolutionary approach by means of a Genetic Algorithm has been used to solve the MOOP and search the population of non-inferior parallel solutions. Illustrated numerical examples show that all assessments and... 

Methods that combine a search technique with other optimization approaches include distance geometry, random search, and genetic algorithms. A comparison of these methods with derivative-based optimization concluded that all were inferior in performance to directed tweak, with the most favorable of the three being the genetic algorithm. ... 

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