Genes mechanical loading

Cowan, D.B., Lye, SJ. and Langille, B. L. (1998) Regulation of vascular connexin 43 gene expression by mechanical loads. Circulation Research 82 786-93... 

Komuro I, Katoh Y, Kaida T, Shibazaki Y, Kurabayashi M, Hoh E, Takaku F, Yazaki Y. Mechanical loading stimulates cell hypertrophy and specific gene expression in cultured rat cardiac myoctes. I Biol Chem. 1991 266 1265-1268. 

Pavlin D, Dove SB, Zadro R, Gluhak-Heinrich J. Mechanical loading stimulates differentiation of periodontal osteoblasts in a mouse osteoinduction model Effect on type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase genes. Calcif Tissue Int. 2000 67(2) 163-172. 

Villanueva, I., Weigel, C. A., and Bryant, S. J. 2009. Cell-matrix interactions and dynamic mechanical loading influence chondrocyte gene expression and bioactivity in PEG-RGD hydrogels. Acta Biomaterialia, 5, 2832-2846. 

Haploids are sporophytes with the gametophytic chromosome number. Haploids (2x) of tetraploid potato cultivars provide a mechanism for direct gene transfer from wild 2x relatives and allow breeders to work at the diploid level. As discussed below, selection progress is more rapid with diploids than tetraploids. Haploids can also be used to measure the genetic load in the tetraploids from which they are derived, since deleterious alleles hidden in tetraploids are often expressed in haploids. 

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