Gene expression metabolism

Gilles, E. D. Kremling, A. Metabolic design based on a coupled gene expression-metabolic network model of tryptophan production in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng... 

Cockeran, R., 2012. Effects of clarithromycin at sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations on early ermB gene expression, metabolic activity and growth of an eim(B)-expressing macrolide-resistant strain of streptococcus pneumoniae. Open J. Respir. Dis. 02 (01), 1—8. Available from http //dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojrd.2012.21001. 

FIGURE 5.3 Different types of functional readouts of agonism. Receptors need not mediate cellular response but may demonstrate behaviors such as internalization into the cytoplasm of the cell (mechanism 1). Receptors can also interact with membrane proteins such as G-proteins (mechanism 2) and produce cytosolic messenger molecules (mechanism 3), which can go on to mediate gene expression (mechanism 4). Receptors can also mediate changes in cellular metabolism (mechanism 5). 

Vitamin B6-coenzyme is involved in a variety of reactions, e.g., in the immune system, gluconeogenesis, erythrocyte fimction, niacin formation, nervous system, lipid metabolism, and in hormone modulation/gene expression [1, 2]. 

An intriguing stress-induced alteration in gene expression occurs in a succulent plant, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, which switches its primary photosynthetic CO2 fixation pathway from C3 type to CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) type upon salt or drought stress (Winter, 1974 Chapter 8). Ostrem et al. (1987) have shown that the pathway switching involves an increase in the level of mRNA encoding phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxylase, a key enzyme in CAM photosynthesis. 

As illustrated in Table 43-5, the discovery of the nuclear receptor superfamily has led to an important understanding of how a variety of metabolites and xenobi-otics regulate gene expression and thus the metabolism, detoxification, and elimination of normal body products and exogenous agents such as pharmaceuticals. Not surprisingly, this area is a fertile field for investigation of new therapeutic interventions. 

Adjunctive to flux control analysis, other components of metabolism that contribute to product accumulation are needed including (1) substrate/precursor pool sizes (metabolomics), (2) co-factor capacities (metabolomics), (3) gene expression profiles (transcriptomics and quanfifafive real-time PCR), (4) protein profiles (pro-... 

Figure 2 Structures of flavonoids present in root exudates of host plants and inducing nod gene expression in rhizobia (1) as 3,5,7,3 -tetrahydroxy-4 -methoxyflavanone, inducer in Rhizohium legiiminosarum bv. viciae (2) as 3, 4, 5, 7-tetrahydroxy-flavone, inducer in Rhizohium melilotr, (3) as 4, 7-dihydroxyisoflavone, inducer in Bradyrhizohium japonicum (4) as couinestrol, intermediate in phenylpropane metabolism, weak inducer. (From Ref. 64.)...

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