Gene-enhanced-matrix

Betz, A.G., Milstein, C., Gonzilez-Femindez, A., Pannell, R., Larson, T., Neuberger, M.S. (1994). Elements regulating somatic hypermutation of an immunoglobulin k gene critical role for the intron enhancer/matrix attachment region. Cell 77,239-248. 

Brotherton, T., Zenk, D., Kahanic, S. Reneker, J. (1991). Avian nuclear matrix proteins bind very tightly to cellular DNA of jS-globin gene enhancer in a tissue-specific fashion. Biochemistry, 30, 5845—50. 

Forrester WC, van Genderen C, Jenuwein T, Grosschedl R (1994) Dependence of enhancer-mediated transcription of the immunoglobulin mu gene on nuclear matrix attachment regions. Science 265(5176) 1221-1225... 

Possible mechanisms for enhancer action. (I) The enhancer draws the associated gene to the nuclear matrix, where it is more accessible to the transcription apparatus. (2) The enhancer is the initial binding site for an element that subsequently moves. (3) The enhancer folds or loops, depending on its polarity, to bind with other promoter elements. 

Whitehurst, C., Henney, H.R., Max, E.E., Schroeder, H.W., Jr., Stiiber, F., Siminovitch, K.A., Garrard, W.T. (1992). Nucleotide sequence of the intron of the germline human K immunoglobulin gene connecting the J and C regions reveals a matrix association region (MAR) next to the enhancer. Nucleic Acids Res. 20,4929-4930. 

Bik release also occurs when Ial heavy chains are covalently transferred to hyaluronan in the extracellular matrix [23], This is a major component of cumulus cell-oocyte during fertilization and fibroblasts and mesothelial cells during inflammation. The heavy chains coupled to hyaluronan molecules bind to the cell surface through association with the hyaluronan receptor (CD44). The tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6) enhances the association of hyaluronan-linked heavy chains with CD44 and increases the release of free Bik [24, 25]. 

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