Gelling agent, aqueous

Indication Active ingredient Trade name Gelling agents/neutralizer Aqueous/ hydro-alcoholic... 

Almost all modern practical aqueous primaries are referred to as dry cells . This designation should not be confused with the rather specialized solid state cells which make use of the recently discovered true solid electrolytes. Rather, the term implies that the aqueous electrolyte phase has been immobilized by the use of gelling agents or by incorporation into microporous separators. Such procedures permit the cells to operate in any orientation and reduce the effects of leakage should the container become punctured. 

Atlas Chemical Industries, Inc Aqueous Explosive Comprising Higher Amine, Gelling Agent and Inorganic Oxidizer Salt... 

Fig. 2.11. Salt distributions in sand agglomerates [26] (31—44/im sand saturated aqueous solution of NaCl as bridging liquid dried at 110° C. (a) agglomerates contained no gelling agent (b) bridging liquid contained 10% w/v corn starch).

As a result of the close packing of the aqueous-phase droplets, the composition of the water phase is critical. Protein concentrates, caseinate, gelling agents, and special emulsihers have been recommended to simplify the emulsification and to stabilize the end product (93-98). For manufacture, the basic material for production is a mix that is chemically identical to the end product. This mix consists of mUkfat in the form of butter, butter oil, and fractionated butter oil or cream, in many cases, it also has milk solids, milk concentrates (including dissolved milk powder and caseinates), and emulsifiers (see Figure 10) (81). The fat mix (i.e., butter, butter oil, etc.) is melted and pasteurized. 

EO/PO/EO block copolymers are very low-foaming surfactants. As a result of hydrogen bonding, the ethoxylate chain (and to a lesser extent, the propoxylate chain) add structure to aqueous formulations, and are therefore used as thickening and gelling agents. They are also mild, but relatively expensive. 

In addition to the above, there is extensive documentation on the transformation of aqueous sol droplets into micrometer-sized solid particles by external or internal gelation [30]. In case of external gelation where a rise in basicity is required for precipitation of hydroxides, ammonia is usually bubbled through the emulsion, or added gradually in the form of ammonium hydroxide. Liquid amines, e.g. triethanolamine have also been added into emulsions for the same purpose [169]. Another gelling agent, utilized effectively for the purpose, is triethylamine, (C2H5)3N [170]. 

Depletion of water from the interfacial region of the aqueous sol droplets and accordingly, shrinkage of the droplets were assumed to take place as the gelling agent came in contact with the droplet phase. As a result, a concentration gradient of the colloidal (sol) particles was set up the concentration decreased from the... 

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