Gastrointestinal system intestine

Goldenseal Hydrastis canadens s Antiseptic for skin (topical), astringent for mucous membranes (mouthwash), wash for inflamed eyes, sinus infections, peptic ulcers, colitis, gastritis Large doses may cause dry or irritated mucous membranes and injury to the gastrointestinal system may reduce the beneficial bacteria in the intestines. Siould not be taken for more than 3-7 days. 

Zweibaum A, M Laburthe, E Grasset, D Louvard. (1991). Use of cultured cell lines in studies of intestinal cell differentiation and function. In M Field, CA Frizzell, eds. Handbook of Physiology, Section 6, The Gastrointestinal System, Vol. IV, Intestinal Absorption and Secretion. Bethesda, MD Am Physiol Society, pp 223-255. 

Gastrointestinal Effects. There were no histopathological effects on the stomach, small intestines, or large intestines with inhalation or oral exposure to hexachloroethane at any concentration tested (15-5,900 ppm for the inhalation route and 1-750 mg/kg/day for the oral route) and with acute, intermediate, or chronic exposure durations (Gorzinski et al. 1985 NTP 1977, 1989 Weeks et al. 1979). The risk that humans will experience adverse effects on the gastrointestinal system as the result of exposure to hexachloroethane in the environment seems to be relatively low. 

The gastrointestinal system of zebrafish presents clear differences from the human system. The zebrafish does not possess a stomach, the intestine is continuous with the pharynx through a short esophagus, and no sphincters are present [61]. However, zebrafish have most of the cell types observed in the small intestine -absorptive, endocrine, goblet, and interstitial cells of Cajal, although Paneth cells are absent. Gut contractions are under the control of the enteric nervous systems, which respond to different pharmaceuticals in similar way as the mammalian counterpart. For example, zebrafish embryos can be used as predictor of emetic response to pharmaceuticals, one of the most commonly reported clinical adverse effects to be considered in the development of new dmgs [61]. 

The postsynaptic physiological effects of serotonin are varied and widespread. The administration of serotonin leads to powerful smooth-muscle effects in the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems. Vasodilation and hypotension may result, partly through central effects, if the serotonin concentration in the CNS is increased by administration of the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan. Unlike serotonin, this precursor can cross the blood-brain barrier. Intestinal mobility is also influenced by serotonin. 

Trichothecenes cause apoptosis and/or necrosis in the lymphoid, hematopoietic, and gastrointestinal systems resulting in leukopenia, vomiting, and diarrhea that can be lethal. In addition, trichothecenes are toxic to the skin and testes. Immune suppression and increased susceptibihty to infection may occur, especially in the late phase of the disease. The toxic effects from trichothecenes largely resemble those following radiation exposure (radiomimetic) due to effects on rapidly dividing cells in the intestine, bone marrow, and testis. 

As mentioned above, the liver has a dual blood supply. The hepatic artery delivers material from the systemic circulation and the portal blood flow delivers directly from the gastrointestinal system. The portal system is involved in the first pass effect , where the nutrients and xenobiotics that are absorbed from the stomach and intestines are filtered through the liver before reaching the systemic circulation (Treinen-Moslen, 2001). The space of Disse allows close contact between circulating plasma, plasma proteins, and hepatocytes, allowing for rapid diffusion of lipophilic compounds across the hepatocyte membrane. Some compounds are specifically taken up by sinusoidal transporters, including... 

Other forms of lead poisoning can also occur. For example, people who work in factories where lead is used can inhale lead fumes. The amount of fumes inhaled at any one time may be small. But over months or years, the lead in a person s body can build up. This type of lead poisoning can lead to nerve damage and problems with the gastrointestinal system (stomach and intestines). 

Homeostasis of magnesium is tightly regulated and depends on the balance between intestinal absorption and renal excretion. Thirty-to-forty percent of ingested magnesium is absorbed from the gastrointestinal system, mostly by the small bowel. Most of the magnesium in the body is stored intracellularly or... 

Brown, D.R. and Miller, R.J. (1991) Neurohormonal control of fluid and electrolyte transport in intestinal mucosa, in Handout of Physiology, The Gastrointestinal System IV, Gastrointestinal Physiology Absorptive and Secretory Process of the Intestine, M. Field and R.A. Frizzel, Eds. pp. 527-589. Bethesda, MD American Physiological Society. 

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