Gases in medicine

The regulatory authorities are conducting an evaluation and assessment based on submitted comprehensive quality, non-clinical and clinical documentation aiming to demonstrate the benefit and safety for the patient. The authority evaluation includes the entire finished product, i.e. active substance, excipients and container closure system (cylinder and valves). 

In US most medical gases are sold as US Pharmacopoeia products. These products have no indications connected with them. Manufacturing of these gases needs to be approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration/US regulatory agency for medicinal products). 

Medical gases and the services around them are needed in various clinical situations and can be found in ambulances, in intensive care units and may also be delivered right to the patient s home. 

Medical Gases can be produced in bulk and delivered in special customized packages (compressed gas cylinders of different sizes, compressed gas bimdles, as refrigerated liquid) in mobile cryo-containers or in stationary cryo-tanks including evaporator. In addition, a large number of gas mixtures are individually produced by medical institutes according to specific orders and, due to lacking authorizations, delivered as specific pharmaceutical. 

If a medical gas is classified as a medical device in accordance with the European classification criteria for medical devices, fulfilment of so-called Essential 

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In 1799, Thomas Beddoes initiated an effort to use nitrous oxide and other newly discovered gases in medicine by creating the Pneumatic Institution. This was a private laboratory funded by private philanthropy, with a major contribution by... 

The direct measurement of gases in medicine, industry, materials, and the environment is an important use of MS. 

The term medical gas is generally used for gases in medicine, although they are designated medicinal gas if being approved as pharmaceutical. 

The carbamate and OP insecticides and the organophosphorous nerve gases soman, sarin, and tabun all act as anticholinesterases, and most of their toxicity is attributed to this property. The naturally occurring carbamate physostigmine, which has been used in medicine, is also an anticholinesterase. Some OP compounds can cause relatively long-lasting inhibition of the enzyme because of the phenomenon of... 

DiPalma JR. 1971. Noxious gases and vapors I. Carbon monoxide, cyanides, methemoglobin, and sulfhemoglobin. In Drill s pharmacology in medicine. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY. pp.l 189-1205. 

Uydrate of potassa is a most valuable agent to the chemist, and especially in the estimation of the carbon of organic bodies. It is also used to displace metallic oxides from their combinations, ae a solvent for oxides or zino and alumina, also for the decomposition of silicioua minerals by fusion, for drying certain gases, and a variety of ether purposes. In surgery, it is used in the solid stata, cost into sticks, as a most powerful caustie. In medicine, its solution is also frequently employed, especially os an antacid. 

The complexities of definitions occur primarily because concentration can be expressed in so many different variables. In the above, we have assumed that it is expressed in mass per volume or moles per volume. The concentration can equally be well expressed as a mole fraction, which in the liquid phase is commonly indicated by the symbol X and in a gas phase is written as >t. In gases, one can also express concentrations as partial pressures. In some cases, especially in medicine, the concentration can be expressed in other more arcane units. For example, oxygen tension measures the amount of oxygen present in blood, but it is expressed as the partial pressure that would exist... 

The British scientist Robert Boyle made many contributions in the fields of medicine, astronomy, physics, and chemistry. However, he is best known for his work on the behavior of gases. In 1662, Boyle found that when the temperature is held constant, the pressure of a trapped amount of gas (any gas) is inversely proportional to its volume. That is, when the pressure of the gas increases, the volume of the gas decreases when the pressure of the gas decreases, the volume of the gas increases. Boyle s Law can be written mathematically as follows ... 

Breath-by-breath analysis of gases and volatiles is well known in medicine (1). The experimental techniques used, however, were not very well suited to our needs. For our purpose we needed a simple, reliable inlet system without extensive filtering and pressure reduction, but with a high sensitivity and short response times. 

Properties and Uses of Alkyl Halides.— The alkyl halides of the lower hydrocarbons are gases or volatile liquids, some of them possessing anesthetic properties making them valuable in medicine. They have a sweet taste, are insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and ether. 

Tritium occurs most commonly in water as water itself (HTO). Except for radiological monitoring purposes, the main reason for determining tritium in water is to assess whether the supply is being replenished by rainfall or not. As mentioned earlier, tritiated organic compounds, usually insoluble, are used commercially mainly in luminous equipment or in medicine and research. Such material may eventually end up in tip leachates, effluents and incinerator gases. 

Lothar Meyer was the son and grandson of physicians, so it was only natural that initially he decided on a career as a physician. At the age of twenty-one, he began his studies in medicine at the University of Zurich and received his M.D. in 1854. By then Meyer had become interested in the chemistry of the body and went on to study under Robert Bunsen at Heidelberg, where he learned how to analyze gases. He used these techniques to study the ab-... 

It may be acceptable to till non medicinal gases and medicinal gases cylinders (concurrently) on the same line but in different areas, provided that the gas used for non medicinal purposes is at least equal to the quality of the medicinal gas, and the cylinders... 

In the case of a finished medicinal gas produced by mixing three different gases in a cylinder, every cylinder should be tested for the identity and assay of two of the gases and at least one cylinder from each manifold filling should be tested for identity of the third gas in the mixture. 

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