Gas accumulation

G. Daien (Stockholm) invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys. 

Free petroleum associated gas accumulated in the structurally highest part of a reservoir and in contact with oil. Secondary gas caps can be formed during the production development. 

That part of a reservoir rock surrounding and/or beneath the gas accumulation in which the pore space is filled with water. Reservoir rock completely filled with water in structures without gas or oil accumulation (aquifer structures). 

A shallow stratigraphic test is a relatively shallow well drilled to provide information on the local geology, i.e. structure, facies, geochemistry, etc. Normally its immediate purpose is not exploration for oil or gas accumulations. 

Bunimovich et al. (1995) lumped the melt and solid phases of the catalyst but still distinguished between this lumped solid phase and the gas. Accumulation of mass and heat in the gas were neglected as were dispersion and conduction in the catalyst bed. This results in the model given in Table V with the radial heat transfer, conduction, and gas phase heat accumulation terms removed. The boundary conditions are different and become identical to those given in Table IX, expanded to provide for inversion of the melt concentrations when the flow direction switches. A dimensionless form of the model is given in Table XI. Parameters used in the model will be found in Bunimovich s paper. 

The hazard of well blowout is greatest if hydrochloric acid wastes exceeding certain temperature and concentration limits are injected into a carbonate formation. When carbonate dissolves in acid, carbon dioxide is formed. Normally, this gas remains dissolved in the formation waters at deep-well temperatures and pressures, but if the temperature exceeds 88°F or acid concentration exceeds 6% HC1, carbon dioxide will separate from the formation waters as a gas. The resulting gas accumulation can increase pressures to a point where, if injection stops or drops below the subsurface carbon dioxide pressure, a blowout can occur. 

Blowout - A blowout is a high pressure release of hydrocarbons, which may or may not ignite, that occurs when a high pressure oil or gas accumulation is unexpectedly met while drilling and the mud column fails to contain the formation fluid that is expelled through the wellhead bore. 

Non-Condensable Gas Accumulation If noncondensible gases are not removed, overpressure can result when a heat exchanger surface becomes blanketed or pressure drop through the condensers is increased by the presence of the non-condensable gas. 

The most obvious source a gas accumulation is a fuel leak. Other rare losses have occurred due to lubrication failures, causing the equipment to over heat, with subsequent metal fatigue and disintegration. Once disintegration occurs heat release from the combustion chamber will occur along with shrapnel and small projectiles which will be thrown free from the unit from inertia momentum of the rotating device. 

Going around the reaction system in Fig. 16, the first problem are poisons for rhodium such as traces of sulfur compounds in the raw materials. 3 valent P-compounds as ligands are highly prone to oxidation according to PR3 + [O] -> 0=PR3. In a continuous process, even traces of peroxides in the starting olefin and traces of oxygen in the synthesis gas accumulate over the time, so meticulous purification steps are a must if ligand-modified rhodium catalysts are used. 

Spatial coverage (At-Risk Volume Approach)—based on the correlation between flammable gas accumulation and the resultant overpressure upon ignition. The detection spacing is determined by estimating the size of the cloud that can present a credible escalation hazard. 

Spatial coverage is a gas detection layout methodology that utilizes a goal setting or at-risk volume approach (Bond, 1993). The objective is to detect gas accumulations that can cause catastrophic escalation through a pragmatic methodology. For flammable gas hazards, this can be based on detection of... 

According to Rice and Claypool (1981), over 20% of the world s natural gas accumulations are of biogenic origin. Biogenic methane commonly occms in recent anoxic sediments and is well documented in both freshwater enviromnents, such as... 

Cavitation A condition which exists when gas accumulates within a liquid stream being pumped. This area of low pressure can lead to pump wear and damage. 

Creep rates of three glassy polymers are much greater during electron irradiation than before or after. Radiation heating is eliminated as a possible cause. Essentially the same concentration of unpaired electrons and ratio of cross-linking to scission were found in polystyrene samples in the presence or absence of stress. The effects of radiation intensity, stress, and temperature on creep during irradiation are examined. The accelerated creep under stress is directly related to a radiation-induced expansion in the absence of stress. This radiation expansion is decreased by increase in temperature or plasticizer content and decrease in sample thickness. It is concluded that gas accumulation within the sample during irradiation causes both the expansion under no stress and the acceleration of creep under stress. 

Curves of deflection vs. time for two different thicknesses of the PVC/PV Ac copolymer are shown in Figure 15. The upper curve represents two experimental tests on 0.030-inch thick samples. The lower curve represents three tests on the thinner 0.010-inch samples. The difference between the deflection vs. time curves for the two thicknesses is in the direction one would expect if gas accumulation were causing the increased creep rates during irradiation. The two samples show... 

Milk for Swiss cheese is invariably clarified to remove sediment and thereby reduce the number of eyes (Reinbold 1972). Extraneous matter acts as loci for gas accumulation. 

Thus gas, if any is present, is found in the highest parts of the trap, followed by oil (and oil with gas) below the gas, and finally salt water below the oil. Experience has indicated that the salt water seldom was completely displaced by oil or gas from the pore spaces, even w ithin the trap. Even in the midst of oil and gas accumulation, pore spaces within the trap may contain from 10 to 50% or more of salt water, It appears that the remaining water (termed connate water) fills the smaller pores ancl also exists as a coating or film, covering the rock surfaces of the larger pore spaces thus oil and/or gas are apparently contained in water-jacketed pore spaces. The geological structures called traps are petroleum reservoirs, i.e.. they are the oil and gas fields that me explored and produced. All oil fields contain some gas, but the quantity may range widely. See also Natural Gas. 

A composite diagiam showing different types of oil and gas accumulations is given in Fig. 1. 

In electrochemistry, the increase of solution resistance due to gas accumulation at the electrode or chemical depletion in part of the solution. 

Crack Lives of Solid Propellants Due to Gas Accumulation , AIAA Paper 73-1173, Las Vegas, Nev (1973) 33) Proceedings of the 8th Sym-... 

Traps sediments in which oil and gas accumulate from which further migration (q.v.) is prevented. 

Mice were fed diets containing < <-cyclodextrin.59,60 Alpha-cyclodextrin was neither digested nor absorbed by the animals. At the highest dose (24% a-cyclodextrin in the diet), weight loss, poor appetite and gas accumulation in the colon occurred. Late in the study, the animals adapted to the diet containing the large amount of cyclodextrin. 

Figure 7-11 Sketch of how methane gas accumulated in the river water piping. Corrective Actions...

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