Gamma radiation scintillation spectrometer

Simultaneously, the use of low-backgroimd laboratorial gamma-ray scintillation spectrometer in vessel conditions allowed determining Cs in bottom sediment samples at a level of 3 Bq/kg (according to the Russian Navy s standards [5], MAC for Cs in bottom sediments of the tidal zone makes up 2590 Bq/kg) and in fish - 2 Bq/kg raw weight (in keeping with the Russian Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-99) [1], MAC for Cs equals 11 Bq/kg, for °Sr - 5 Bq/kg). 

Experimental determination of LAC was carried out using the scintillation spectrometer of gamma radiation at power 1.2 MeV (Figures 2.66 and 2.67). 

Individual energy levels located by the (dp) reaction are too numerous to mention in this article and are given in [32] and [33]. They are mainly due to the work of Buechner and his collaborators The associated gamma radiation has been measured by Thomas and Lauritsen [39] using a Compton lens spectrometer, by Terrell and Phillips [39], Rutherglen et al. [39], and Bent et al. [39] using pair spectrometers, and by Thompson [39] with a scintillation spectrometer. 

The gamma radiation emitted in the bombardment of Be by deuterons was studied by Rasmussen et al. and by Chao et al. using a lens spectrometer the lines found may be associated mainly with levels of B , The radiation was also examined by Shafroth and Hanna using a scintillation spectrometer. 

Like scintillation detectors, semiconductor detectors are usually used in gamma spectrometer set-ups to identify radionuclides and determine their activities in a sample. A semiconductor detector is much more expensive and somewhat more troublesome to operate than a scintillation detector, but it can distinguish much better between different radiation energies and is better for nuclide identification. 

The radiation detection systems employed in radioanalytical chemistry laboratories have changed considerably over the past sixty years, with significant improvement realized since the early 1980s. Advancements in the areas of material science, electronics, and computer technology have contributed to the development of more sensitive, reliable, and user-friendly laboratory instruments. The four primary radiation measurement systems considered to be necessary for the modern radionuclide measurement laboratory are gas-flow proportional counters, liquid scintillation (LS) counters. Si alpha-particle spectrometer systems, and Ge gamma-ray spectrometer systems. These four systems are the tools used to identify and measure most forms of nuclear radiation. 

Breakdown in control and stability of the immediate detector environment with regard to cleanliness, temperature level, power supply, and radiation background interferes with reliable radiation detector operation. Electronic components function best at a cool, constant temperature in a dust-free environment. Special low-temperature and power-supply-stability controls are needed to stabilize the response of gamma-ray spectrometers and liquid scintillation systems. 

Most of the radioisotopes used as isotopic labels in activation analysis decay with beta (positron and negatron) radiations and/or gamma rays. By convention, beta-emitting radionuclides are usually measured by gas-filled or gas-flow proportional counters or Geiger counters. Sometimes, liquid scintillation counters are used to complete a beta-ray measurement. The more conventional method for gamma-ray measurements involves the use of a gamma-ray spectrometer equipped with either a scintillation or solid-state detector. Stevenson (918) discusses the characteristics of radioactive decay and gives details on the methods and instruments used to detect emitted radiations. 

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