Galaxy quasars

Better understanding of what, when, and where the first lights in the universe were. By z 6, there were big, metal-rich galaxies, quasars as... 

The quadratic relationship of redshift to distance of the source is a complete departure from the conventionally assumed Doppler shift and Hubble s linear law. In order to test the quadratic model it is necessary (Segal, 1980) to eliminate the distance, which is not an observable quantity, using geometrical relations with parameters such as apparent luminosity or angular diameter. These relations were tested on data available for galaxies, quasars and radio sources. 

Key words Radio Galaxies - Quasars - Infrared Spectroscopy - Dust... 

The epoch and mode of galaxy formation are not well known, but both quasars and star-forming galaxies are known with redshifts up to about 7, corresponding to an era when the expanding Universe was only 1/8 of its present size, and the emission-line spectra of quasars indicate a large heavy-element abundance (solar or more Hamann Ferland 1999), suggesting prior stellar activity. The first stars, on the other hand, known as Population IIP, would have been devoid of metals whether they differed from normal stars in other basic characteristics, notably their mass distribution, is not known, since no completely metal-free stars have been... 

Observations of distant objects, notably high-redshift star-forming ( Lyman-break ) galaxies and absorption line systems on the line of sight to quasars, give some information on chemical evolution at epochs not too far from when the first stars and most galaxies were presumably formed. Other information comes from two related effects ... 

The IRAS galaxies provided some of the earliest evidence from redshift surveys, and from source counts as a function of observed flux, that the spiral galaxy population has undergone evolution (ORS see Fig. 12.2). This result is analogous to similar evidence from source counts of radio galaxies and quasars, as well as quasar redshifts, and a correlation that has been observed between radio and infrared luminosity suggests that the evolution could be similar in both cases. Typical simple models for such evolution include luminosity evolution according to... 

The Heisenberg/Bohr model allows us to simulate the physical universe of stars, galaxies, and quasars but it doesn t explain organisms or mind. We have to overlay that atomic model with different qualities in order to represent more complex phenomena. We must imagine an atom with new parameters if we wish to understand how we could exist, how thinking, tool-using, human beings could arise out of the universal substratum. 

A diffuse X-ray background is perceived between these brilliant sources. It comes for the greater part from remote regions outside our Galaxy, probably quasars and other active galaxies. Added to these more distant emissions is a galactic component emitted by the hotter interstellar gases. 

The longstanding idea of superluminal motion has become subject to renewed interest, due to a number of recent discoveries and observations, as described in a survey by Recami [27]. Thus the squared mass of muon-neutrinos is found to be negative. There are further observations that can be interpreted as superluminal expansions inside quasars, in some galaxies and in galactic objects. Also, so called X-shaped waves have been observed [69] to propagate at a... 

Ejection via early winds is inferred in the enriched intracluster medium. Observations of Mpc-scale holes around Lyman break galaxies, detected via studying absorption of the IGM towards background quasars, support an explanation in terms of early winds from L galaxies. The so-called cooling catastrophe in galaxy formation theory, which results in overly luminous massive galaxies can be avoided if early winds eject an amount of baryons comparable to that retained in stars. 

The observation that both quasars and Seyfert galaxies appear to be exploding objects that release massive amounts of matter, ostensibly from nowhere [105] - p.343, in a mini-creation event, provides this mechanism. To complete the cycle it is only necessary to identify the black-hole singularity with the origin of the quasar emission. It becomes a viable possibility if the black hole and the quasar are on opposite sides of an interface between two regions of space-time. 

If the compact object is a black hole (BH) some parameters scale with its mass. BHs in quasars have about 10s solar masses and may result when huge quantities of gas collapse into the central region of a new born galaxy, whereas BHs in microquasars contain only a few times the mass of the sun ( 10M ), and may be the remains of a star after a supernova explosion. Since the mass of the microquasar is about 7 orders of magnitude smaller than that of a quasar, phenomena taking place in time scales of years in quasars can be studied in time scales of minutes in microquasars. 

Hoyle, F. (1965). Galaxies, Nuclei, and Quasars. London Heinemann. 

Henderson, L. J. (1917). The Order of Nature. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press. Holm, L. and Sander, C. (1996). Mapping the protein universe. Science, 273, 595-603. Hoyle, F. (1964). Galaxies, Nuclei and Quasars. New York, NY Harper and Row. 

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