Quasar Redshifts

The IRAS galaxies provided some of the earliest evidence from redshift surveys, and from source counts as a function of observed flux, that the spiral galaxy population has undergone evolution (ORS see Fig. 12.2). This result is analogous to similar evidence from source counts of radio galaxies and quasars, as well as quasar redshifts, and a correlation that has been observed between radio and infrared luminosity suggests that the evolution could be similar in both cases. Typical simple models for such evolution include luminosity evolution according to... 

See, e.g., H. Arp, Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies, Interstellar Media, Berkeley, CA, 1987, and references cited therein. 

Troitskij s analysis is based on more than 37 000 galactic and quasar redshifts. By comparison, the meagre sample that originally established the linear Hubble law is rather crude. However, as defenders of universal expansion freely use data conditioned by Hubble s law, further debate of the issue becomes pointless. 

The problem with Hubble s law was complicated out of all proportion by attempts to specify the observed redshifts of an increasing number of quasars by the same linear formula used for galactic redshifts. Some theoretical ideas to explain quasar redshifts within standard cosmology were reviewed by Segal et al. (1991), and shown to culminate in the theory of luminosity evolution of quasars, designed to force the definition of intrinsic luminosity as a function of distance. 

The epoch and mode of galaxy formation are not well known, but both quasars and star-forming galaxies are known with redshifts up to about 7, corresponding to an era when the expanding Universe was only 1/8 of its present size, and the emission-line spectra of quasars indicate a large heavy-element abundance (solar or more Hamann Ferland 1999), suggesting prior stellar activity. The first stars, on the other hand, known as Population IIP, would have been devoid of metals whether they differed from normal stars in other basic characteristics, notably their mass distribution, is not known, since no completely metal-free stars have been... 

Observations of distant objects, notably high-redshift star-forming ( Lyman-break ) galaxies and absorption line systems on the line of sight to quasars, give some information on chemical evolution at epochs not too far from when the first stars and most galaxies were presumably formed. Other information comes from two related effects ... 

Astrophysical measurements enable us to probe the variation of the fundamental constants. The energy scale of atomic spectra is given by the atomic unit rneA/h2. In the non-relativistic limit, all atomic spectra are proportional to this constant and analyses of quasar spectra cannot detect any change of the fundamental constants. Indeed, any change in the atomic unit will be absorbed in the determination of the redshift parameter z (1 + z = u/ is the redshifted... 

The catalogue of quasars and active galactic nuclei 10th edition [3], We used the BL Lac objects. Conditions magnitude < 18, the flux at 6cm > 0.17Jy, redshift> 0.1... 

In recent years, high-resolution spectra have revealed the presence of D in high-redshift, low-metallicity quasar absorption systems (QAS), via its isotope-shifted Lyman-a absorption. These are the first measurements of light element abundances at cosmological distances. It is believed that there are no... 

The search for radio galaxies led to the unexpected discovery of what became known as quasi-stellar objects, QSO s, or quasars. The first quasars to be discovered were all strong radio sources, but the majority known today are radio silent. More characteristically, most of them are X-ray sources. However, the most characteristic property of quasars is the unusually large redshifts of their optical emission spectra. Analyses of the physical properties of quasars and speculation about their nature are tainted by the conviction that these redshifts are fully accounted for by Hubble s law. 

Apart from redshift, the two most conspicuous properties of quasars are their small angular diameters and high optical luminosity. Should the Hubble distance be real the absolute optical Imuinosity of a quasar, although a thousand times smaller in diameter, exceeds the output of even the brightest galaxy by orders of magnitude. 

Emission lines are observed in the light from so-called active galaxies, also known as Seyfert galaxies. Emission spectra are also emitted by quasars or quasi-stellar objects (QSO). Like the absorption lines of normal galaxies these emission lines are also redshifted. 

The quadratic relationship of redshift to distance of the source is a complete departure from the conventionally assumed Doppler shift and Hubble s linear law. In order to test the quadratic model it is necessary (Segal, 1980) to eliminate the distance, which is not an observable quantity, using geometrical relations with parameters such as apparent luminosity or angular diameter. These relations were tested on data available for galaxies, quasars and radio sources. 

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