Galactose uptake

Transcriptome Improvement of galactose uptake Brewing, baking application [343]... 

The hydrolysis of zeaxanthin esters by a carboxyl ester lipase indeed enhanced both the incorporation of zeaxanthin in the micellar phase and uptake of zeaxanthin by Caco-2 cells. As mentioned earher, carotenoids can also be linked to proteins by specific bindings in nature and these carotenoid-protein complexes may slow the digestion process and thus make their assimilation by the human body more difficult than the assimilation of free carotenoids. Anthocyanins are usually found in a glycosylated form that can be acetylated and the linked sugars are mostly glucose, galactose, rhamnose, and arabinose. 

The galactose, arabinose and xylose transporters of E. coli The bacterium E. coli possesses at least 7 proton-linked, active transport systems for sugars (for a recent review see [212]). Three of these transporters, which catalyze the uptake of L-arabinose, D-xylose and D-galactose by symport with protons, are related in sequence to the sugar transporters discussed above. They probably represent the best-characterized of the non-mammalian transporters, and so are discussed here in some detail. 

Kempen et al. [176] synthesized a water-soluble cho-lesteryl-containing trigalactoside, Tris-Gal-Chol (I), which when incorporated in lipoproteins allows the utilization of active receptors for galactose-terminated macromolecules as a trigger for the uptake of lipoproteins. The effect of increasing concentrations of Tris-Gal-Chol on the removal of LDL and HDL from serum and their quantitative recovery in the liver is shown in Fig. 13. These data show that lipoproteins containing Tris-Gal-Chol can be used as a liver-specific drug-carrier system. 

Perry et al. (P7) showed that the uptake of L-histidine by segments of chick gut was inhibited by galactose. Galactose in a concentration of 0.5% behaved remarkably like 10 3M 2,4-dinitrophenol in its inhibitory effect on the gut. The intestine and the renal tubule behave similarly in... 

Al. Anderson, E. P., Kalckar, H. M., and Isselbacher, K. J., Defect in uptake of galactose-l-phosphate into liver nucleotides in congenital galactosemia. Science 125, 113-114 (1957). 

Nobel and Wang reported that the permeability of the outer membranes of chloroplasts was increased by exposure to ozone (at 30 ppm for 5 min). They hypothesized that the effect was lipid oxidation. Freebaim showed that ozone inhibited respiratory activities of isolated mitochondria, and Lee found that the effect of ozone on oxidative phosphorylation was greater than on oxygen uptake. Mudd et reported that the metabolism of UDP-galactose by isolated... 

GLUT-2 has high activity in liver to maintain transport close to equilibrium for both uptake and release of glucose (see below). It can also transport galactose, mannose and fructose - all of which can be converted to glucose in the liver. 

Dehydroascorbate, the oxidized form of vitamin C (Box 18-D) is also transported into cells by GLUT1 and GLUT3.409 A related transporter carries L-fucose into mammalian cells 410 Another facilitates the uptake of galactose in yeast.411... 

Karinaga R, Anada T, Minari J et al (2006) Galactose-PEG dual conjugation of beta-(l->3)-D-glucan schizophyllan for antisense oligonucleotides delivery to enhance the cellular uptake. Biomaterials 27(8) 1626-1635... 

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