Galactosamine hepatitis

Decker K, Keppler D. Galactosamine hepatitis key role of the nucleotide deficiency period in the pathogenesis of cell injury and cell death. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1974 71 77-106. 

Grfin M, Liehr H (1976) Significance of endotoxemia in experimental galactosamine-hepatitis in rat Acta Hepato Gastroenterol 23 64-81... 

Reutter W, Lesch R, Keppler D, Decker K (1968) Galactosamine-hepatitis. Naturwis-senschaften 55 497... 

K16 Keppler, D., Rudigier, J., Reutter, W., Lesch, R. and Decker, K. Orotate prevents galactosamine hepatitis. Hop-pe-Seyler s Z. Physiol. Chem., 351, 102-104 (1970)... 

Zanoli P, Giacobazzi A, Vaccari G, Zeneroli ML, Baraldi M Up-regulation of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors in brain areas of rats with galactosamine-induced hepatic encephalopathy in Bengtsson F, Jeppson B (eds) Progress in Hepatic Encephalopathy. Miami, CRC Press, 1991, pp 161-168. 

Zeneroli ML, Iuliano E, Racagni C, Baraldi M Metabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid and brain uptake in galactosamine induced hepatic encephalopathy. J Neurochem 1982 33 1219-1222. 

In animal models, milk thistle purportedly limits hepatic injury associated with a variety of toxins, including Amanita mushrooms, galactosamine, carbon tetrachloride, acetaminophen, radiation, cold ischemia, and ethanol. In vitro studies and some in vivo studies demonstrate that silymarin reduces lipid peroxidation, scavenges free radicals, and enhances glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels. This may contribute to membrane stabilization and reduce toxin entry. 

Differences Galactosamine causes diffuse hepatic necrosis, which is not zonal, whereas ethionine causes steatosis, which is initially periportal. 

Zang et al [140] reported the liver protective effects of the saponins isolated from A. membranaceus and A. sieversianus against chemical injury induced by CCU, D-galactosamine and acetaminophen in mice. In all cases there were positive activities and the saponins inhibited the rise in SGPT levels, decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and increased the glutathione reduced (GSH) concentration in mouse liver. The same compounds were also evaluated in cultured rat hepatocytes, and the results indicated that the activity may be due to to the antioxidative activity of the saponins, since the content of liver protein in treated mice was more than the control. Moreover, in all treated mice, the level of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 was increased. The liver metabolism and immunoregulating action produced by saponins may be also involved in their hepato-protective effects. Similar results were obtained by Zhang et al [141] when they studied the activity in vitro and... 

Fig. 6. The role of endogenous tumor necrosis factor TNF) in D-galactosamine (GalN)-induced liver damage. All mice were injected with 2.1 g/kg GalN. Serum transaminases ALT) and hepatic DNA fragmentation were determined after 24 h. Animals pretreated with neutralizing anti-TNF antibodies or mice lacking TNF receptor-1 tnf-rl°) were protected...

Keppler D, Lesch R, Reutter W, Decker K (1968) Experimental hepatitis induced by D-galactosamine. Exp Mol Pathol 9 279-290... 

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