Galactolipid

SCHLEDZ M, AL-BABILI S, VON LINTIG J, HAUBRUCK H, RABBANI S, KLEINIG H and BEYER P (1996) Phytoene synthase fcom Narcissus pseudonarcissus functional expression, galactolipid requirement, topological distribution in chromoplasts and induction during flowering . Plant J, 10, 781-92. 

Gruszecki, W.I. and J. Sielewiesiuk. 1991. Galactolipid multibilayers modified with xanthophylls Orientational and diffractometric studies. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1069 21-26. 

Marcus, J. and Popko, B. Galactolipids are molecular determinants of myelin development and axo-glial organization. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1573,406-413,2002. 

HARTEL, H., LOKSTEIN, H., DORMANN, P TRETHEWEY, R.N., BENNING, C., Photosynthetic light utilization and xantophyll cycle activity in the galactolipid deficient dgdl mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, Plant Physiol. Biochem., 1998,36,407-417. 

DORMANN, P., BALBO, I., BENNING, C., Arabidopsis galactolipid biosynthesis and lipid trafficking mediated by DGD1, Science, 1999, 284,2181-2184. 

Reaction (1) is irreversible the enzyme galactokinase has been found in mammalian liver, brain, and erythrocytes, as well as in certain yeasts and other microorganisms. UDPGal, the main product of reaction (2), is the intermediate by means of which the body incorporates galactose into cerebrosides and, probably, other galactolipids, mucopolysaccharides, and lactose galactose-l-phosphate uridyl transferase occurs in the liver, to a lesser extent in red cells, and probably in other tissues. 

Kannan and coworkers also used M hydrochloric acid at 100° for the hydrolysis of neutral glycolipids 6 h was found sufficient for hydrolysis of galactolipids, but 12 h was required for complete cleavage of the glucose-ceramide bond. The use of standard ceramide mono- and di-hexosides subjected to hydrolysis for 12 h gave monosaccharide recoveries of >94%... 

The membrane lipids, in particular phospholipids and galactolipids, make up the predominant fraction of lipids in potato tubers, and only trace amounts of triacylglycerols are present. For example, in the tuber of cultivar Desiree, the membrane lipids constitute 92.8 mol-% of total lipids, whereas triacylglycerol amounts to only 1.1 mol-% (Klaus et al., 2004). 

A newer approach for lipid analysis is electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) (Welti et al., 2002). This method requires limited sample preparation and sample size to identify and quantify lipids. Fauconnier et al. (2003) used ESI-MS/MS to analyze phospholipid and galactolipid levels during aging of potato tubers. 

A sulfated galactolipid, M-6 (607) was isolated from Phyllospongia foliascens. M-6 (607) consisted of an inseparable mixture of compounds with variations occurring in the carboxylic acid portion of the molecule. Compound 607 has resistant activity against complement fixation in serological reactions [484]. 

The second group of membrane lipids are those that predominate in plant cells the galactolipids, in which one or two galactose residues are connected by a gly-cosidic linkage to C-3 of a 1,2-diacylglycerol (Fig. 10-10 see also Fig. 10-6). Galactolipids are localized in the thylakoid membranes (internal membranes) of chloroplasts they make up 70% to 80% of the total membrane lipids of a vascular plant. They are probably the most... 

Chloroplast membranes are remarkably rich in galactolipids, composed of a diacylglycerol with... 

Human myelin sheath 30 30 19 Cholesterol Galactolipids, plasmalogens... 

Diacylglycerols can also be converted to a variety of glycolipids such as the galactolipids of chloro-plasts (Eq. 21-8). See also Chapter 8. These are the major lipids of photosynthetic membranes.98153-155 Some bacteria, e.g., the mycoplasma Acholeplasma... 

Eukaryotic plants and cyanobacteria. Photosynthetic dinoflagellates, which make up much of the marine plankton, use both carotenoids and chlorophyll in light-harvesting complexes. The carotenoid peridinin (Fig. 23-29), which absorbs blue-green in the 470- to 550-nm range, predominates. The LH complex of Amphidinium carterae consists of a 30.2-kDA protein that forms a cavity into which eight molecules of peridinin but only two of chlorophyll a (Chi a) and two molecules of a galactolipid are bound (Fig. 23-29).268... 

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