Gadolinium , paramagnetism

Another characteristic change across the lanthanide series is that of the paramagnetism of the ions this rises to a maximum at neodymium, then falls to samarium, then rises to a second maximum at gadolinium before falling finally to zero at the end of the series. 

This approach was followed by Yushmanov for the localization of papaverine in ionic micelles.42 Another interesting application was reported by Chien43 who measured 19F NMR relaxation times of trifluor-omethyl labelled atrazine induced by paramagnetic probes gadolinium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and 2,2,6,6-tertramethyl-piperidine-N-oxyl. The results showed that atrazine solubilized by humic micelles occupied a hydrophobic domain accessible only to neutral hydrophobic molecules. 

It is known that below the ordering temperature, the — ASM of a paramagnet will quickly reduce to zero, thus defining the temperature range in which the material can be usefully employed. Note that gadolinium metal works best at room temperature, which constitutes a separate and productive area of research with... 

Of the lanthanide (III) ions, gadolinium(III) is exceptional, being the only isotropic paramagnetic ion of this series. Anisotropy, D, in 3d systems has been shown to hinder a large magnetocaloric effect at low temperatures as demonstrated by... 

Anderson SA, Lee KK, Frank JA (2006) Gadolinium-fullerenol as a paramagnetic contrast agent for cellular imaging. Invest. Radiol. 41 332-338. 

Schwendener, R. A., Wuethrich, R., Duewell, S., Westera, G., and Von-Schulthess, G. K. Small unilamellar liposomes as magnetic resonance contrast agents loaded with paramagnetic manganese-, gadolinium-, and iron-DTPA-stearate complexes. Int. J. Pharm. 1989, 49, 249-259. 

Contrast MRI requires incorporation of paramagnetic material onto the PFC-based targeted particles [48,49]. Incorporation of a gadolinium(lll) complex into the lipid monolayer that coats targeted emulsion droplets provides contrast agents useful for both US and MRI modalities. Paramagnetic fibrin-specific PFC emulsion droplets allowed sensitive detection and localization of thrombi by MRI and may allow early identification of fibrin deposits in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. The emulsion droplets had both an antifibrin... 

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