Gadolinium magnetization

Keywords Metallofullerene, endohedral, gadolinium, magnetic resonance imaging, contrast agent, relaxivity, cellular imaging, molecular imaging... 

Xu, J., Franklin, S.J., Whisenhunt, D.W. Jr, and Raymond, K.N. (1995) Gadolinium complex of tris[(3-hydroxy-l-methyl-2-oxo-l,2-didehydropyridine-4-carboxamido)ethyl]-amine a new class of gadolinium magnetic resonance relaxation agents. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 117, 7245-7246. 

Proctor KA, Rao LV, RobertsWL Gadolinium magnetic resonance contrast agents produce analytic interference in multiple serum assays. Am J Clin Pathol 121 282-292, 2004. 

Future Applications. The use of gadolinium complexes as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (mri) is growing (40). 

See W. F. Giauque and D. P. MacDougall, "Experiments Establishing the Thermodynamic Temperature Scale below 1 =K. The Magnetic and Thermodynamic Properties of Gadolinium Phosphomolybdate as a Function of Field and Temperature". J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 376-388 (1938). 

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium enhancement is the "gold standard."... 

Briicher, E. Kinetic Stabilities of Gadolinium(III) Chelates used as MRI Contrast Agents. In Contrast Agents I. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Krause, W., Ed. Topics in Current Chemistry Springer Berlin, 2002 Vol. 221, p 104. 

A salt of thulium can be made radioactive, and is used in medical X rays. Gadolinium is one of the few magnetic elements. 

Some gadolinium-based MOF have also revealed the peculiar dynamics of the magnetization with the appearance of the out-of-phase component of the dynamic magnetization in presence of an applied static magnetic field. This behaviour, which is reminiscent of the field-induced slow relaxation that characterize many lanthanide-based SMMs, is however not related to the magnetic anisotropy, which is vanishingly small in most Gd3+ systems. 

Although this is calculated in principal from magnetization data, it can be difficult to obtain in practice because it requires a maximum in -ASM versus T to be observed. This is uncommon in gadolinium (III) compounds under certain laboratory conditions because of their weak interactions. RC characterizes the performance of a material more fully across a greater range of temperatures than simply - ASm, although the two are obviously related. 

Introduction. The water-tickling magnetic properties of the gadolinium (III) ion, with its seven unpaired electrons, have placed it in the forefront of medical... 

Gadolinium-dendrimer conjugates have been used as blood pool contrast agents in vivo for nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of tumors [65]. The efficacy of the conjugates in such applications is dependent on their biodistribution properties, and these properties vary as a function of dendrimer molecular weight and chemical composition [50]. Dendrimer architecture and synthesis... 

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