Relaxational resonance

Of course the conformational symmetry breaking may appear or disappear depending on the level of sophistieation of the eomputation, which may unduly favor one term of the crucial (relaxation/resonance) ratio. As an example we would like to mention an open... 

Other possible types of resonance are discussed in [4, 100]. Non-linear parametric, phase and relaxation resonances of quantum beats and the possibilities of their observation in molecules are considered in [33, 37]. 

Auzinsh, M.P. (1989). Nonlinear parametric and relaxation resonance of quantum beats, Izv. Akad. Nauk Latv. SSR Ser. Fiz. Tekh. Nauk, 6, 3-7. 

Because 1 —e is 0.993, a delay of five T/s is normally sufficient between the last RF pulse and the application of the next RF pulse (getting 99.3% of the original signal back is generally thought to be sufficient). We sometimes estimate the Tj value for the slowest relaxing resonance of interest and multiply this value by five to arrive at an appropriate relaxation delay for our sample. When waiting five... 

Excited-state reactions are not restricted to ionization. Mai dynamic processes tiiat affect fluorescence can be interpreted in tenns of excited-state reactions. These processes include special relaxation, resonance trans-... 

Fig. 19. Curie plots for low-field hyperfine shifted and relaxed resonances for (A) WT Pf Fd ([F64S4] with ftee thiols for Cys-21, 48) and (B) PfFd ([Fe4S4] with disulfide bridge between Cys-21, 48). The resonances belonging to the four ligands are given by the same symbols ( for Cys-11, A for Asp-14, for Cys-17, and V for Cys-56) in both panels. Positive and negative slopes are designated Curie and anti-Curie, respectively. [Reprinted from L. Calzolai, C. M. Gorst, Z.-H. Zhao, Q. Teng, M. W. W. Adams, and G. N. La Mar, Biochemistry 34, 11373 (1995), with permission.]...

K. Vahala, C. Harder and A. Yariv, Observation of relaxation resonance effects in the field spectrum of semiconductor lasers, Appl. Phys. 

Yamazaki Tet al (2002) Phys Rep 366 183 zu PutlitzG (1996) HyperfineInteract 103 157 pSR Conferences (1990-2002) Proceedings of the latest international conferences on muon spin rotation/ relaxation/resonance, Williamsburg, Virginia, 2002, Physica B, 326 Les Diablerets, Switzerland, 1999, Physica B, 289-290, (2000) Nikko, Japan, 1996, Hyperfine Interact 104-106, (1997) Maui, Hawaii, 1993, Hyperfine Interact 85-87, (1994) Oxford, 1990, Hyperfine Interact 63-65, (1990)... 

A typical diode laser frequency response for small amplitude modulation is shown in Fig. 9.44. As can be seen from this plot, the modulation bandwidth extends from DC to the relaxation resonance. The frequency of the relaxation resonance, /reiax> is proportional to the square root of bias current above threshold and inversely proportional to the geometric mean of the lifetimes of the carriers in the inverted population, z ,... 

For diode lasers, the relaxation resonance is usually at least 1 GHz, typically 5-10 GHz the maximum experimentally demonstrated is about 30 GHz (Ralston, 1994 Morton, 1992). AH other types of lasers have relaxation frequencies less than 1 MHz, and so with respect to this parameter diode lasers are the only lasers with sufficient bandwidth for practical applications. Although the relaxation resonance sets the maximum bandwidth, other factors such as distortion may limit the usable bandwidth to less than the relaxation frequency. To achieve maximum bandwidth, it is necessary to operate the diode laser at a bias far above laser threshold. However, the final decision as to where to bias the laser must be... 

A typical plot of RIN vs. frequency for both Fabry-Perot and DFB lasers is shown in Fig. 9.45. The RIN frequency spectrum follows that of the small-signal frequency response with a peak in the RIN at the relaxation resonance. At low frequencies the RIN has a 1// dependence. There is a broad, flat midband region, which ends with peaking in the RIN at the relaxation resonance. The RIN has its maximum value when the laser is biased near threshold. The RIN decreases as the square of increases in the laser bias above threshold, as can also be seen in Fig 9.45. 

It was realized early that a high quantum efficiency was a prerequisite for realizing cooling of a system by laser light. For example, Dewar 1 in Fig. 1 can only achieve net cooling if the two excited states Pi/2 and Ps/2 predominantly decay by radiative relaxation (resonant and anti-Stokes fluorescence)... 

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