G protein-coupled receptor superfamily

Sensory receptors that structurally and functionally belong to the G protein coupled receptor superfamily. Olfactory receptors are a large GPCR family with >300 members in human that are expressed in neurons of the nasal olfactory epithelium where they sense mostly volatile olfactory molecule. The overall number of olfactory receptors differs widely between species and an expansion of different recqrtors is in particular obvious in species that depend on their olfactory sense for survival. 

In the sympathetic part of the peripheral autonomic nervous system the simation is less complicated since only the sympathetically innervated visceral organs have receptors sensitive to the transmitter of the postganglionic sympathetic neuron noradrenaline. However, the noradrenaline sensitive receptors, which all belong to the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily, can be subdivided in at least three subtypes ai-, a - and jSi-adrenoceptors. These receptors are to a similar extent sensitive to adrenaline, a humoral transmitter which is released under sympathetic control from the adrenal medulla. Adrenaline, in contrast to noradrenaline has affinity to a forth type, the /32-adrenoceptor. In general drug interacting with the autonomous nervous system can be subdivided according to their mechanism of action. 

As mentioned above, the receptors which are sensitive to catecholamines are the so-called adrenoceptors. At least five major subtypes are present and of physiological relevance the a - (pharmacologically subdivided in a A, and ofio), 0(2- (pharmacologically subdivided in o 2A, oi2B and af2c) p2 and y03-adrenoceptor subtypes, which all belong to the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. 

B. Hj-receptors are found on the surface of mast cells and basophils. All four types of histamine receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Only H2-receptors are coupled to adenylyl cyclase through the G protein G. ... 

G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) G-protein-coupled receptor is a receptor superfamily. Members of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily are characterized by having seven transmembrane a-helices. 

Barak LS, Menard L, Ferguson SS, Colapietro AM, Caron MG. The conserved seven-transmembrane sequence NP(X)2,3Y of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily regulates multiple properties of the beta 2-adreneigic receptor. Biochemistry 1995 34 15,407-15,414. 

Eicosanoids are lipids derived from arachidonic acid they inclnde the prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes and lenkotrienes. In hnmans, eicosanoids are local hormones that are released by most cells, act on those same cells or nearby cells (i.e. they are autocrine and paracrine mediators), and then are rapidly inactivated. Eicosanoids have a short half-life, ranging from seconds to minntes. They exert complex control over many bodily systems, mainly in inflammation or immnnity, and act as messengers in the central nervous system. Most eicosanoid receptors are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. 

Recently, members of another G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily were added to the vomeronasal chemosensory receptor repertoire. Levai et al. (2006) showed that a total of 44 different OR genes are expressed in the apical zone of the vomeronasal epithelium. On the basis of their morphology, axonal projections, and molecular profile, OR-expressing cells in the apical zone were similar to V1R-expressing VSNs. It is, however, not known whether these apical zone OR VSNs... 

Matsuoka, I., Mori, T., Aoki, J., Sato, T., and Kurihara, K. (1993). Identification of novel members of G-protein coupled receptor superfamily expressed in bovine taste tissue. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 194,504—511. 

As mentioned earlier, the biological activities of chemokines are mediated by distinct members of the rhodopsin-like seven-transmembrane domain, G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily [65], Other receptors exist that bind chemokines with high affinity and specificity [16]. However, these receptors are structurally incapable of transducing signals and are therefore designated as decoy receptors. 

Small K M, Tanguay D A, Nandabalan K, et al. (2003). Gene and protein domain-specific patterns of genetic variability within the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. Am. J. Pharmacogenomics. 3 65-71. 

The discovery of the existence of a G protein coupled receptor superfamily [8] has greatly facilitated the isolation and characterisation of serotonin receptor clones. With the exception of 5-HTg receptors (see chapter 7), all of the cloned... 

The chemokine receptors are a subset of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. They are seven-transmembrane receptors that bind G proteins at activation. For the chemokines, the receptors are highly related, and most exhibit a characteristic DRY box. For this reason, many so-called orphan receptors that showed significant homology with known chemokine receptors that contain a DRY box, were widely believed to be chemokine receptors. As shown in Table... 

Chemokines act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors, which are differentially expressed on diverse cell types. The receptors are members of a large subfamily within the seven-transmembrane (7TM) domain G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. At the biochemical level, chemokine receptors act as guanine nucleotide exchange factors, restricted mainly to the pertussis-toxin-... 

Katritch, V., Cherezov, V., Stevens, R.C. Structure-function of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 53, 531-556 (2013)... 

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