Fusion term

Note particularly that the equation has no temperature change in it and that the enthalpy of fusion term has no unit of temperature in it. 

Following the approach introduced by Hansch et al, Yalkowski and Valvani (111 and Yalkowski et al (121 developed a semi-theoretical equation to cover both liquid and solid solutes, using an entropy of fusion term, ASf, and a melting point term, MP ... 

It should also be noted that aqueous solubility is a thermodynamic quantity closely related to the octanol-water partition coefficient A ow As a result of the considerable A ow data compilations and analyses by Hansch, Leo, and co-workers (72), there exists the capability of calculating A ow froni a knowledge of molecular structure. These calculated values can then be used to deduce a value for the solubility. There have been several A ow-solubility correlations, notably those of Chiou et al. (4), but more recent correlations that include an entropy of fusion term are now more accurate (2, 25, 41),... 

Simple monocyclic hydrocarbon bridges are named by attaching the morpheme. ..epi... in front of the corresponding fusion term. 

A fourth hierarchical method that is quite popular is Ward s method [Ward 1963]. This method merges those two clusters whose fusion minimises the information toss due to the fusion. Information loss is defined in terms of a function rvhich fdr each cluster i corresponds to the total sum of squared deviations from the mean of the cluster ... 

The various lubricants formulated into PVC to improve the processing can also enhance the performance of the stabilizet. In pigmented apphcations, calcium soaps, eg, calcium stearate, ate commonly used as internal lubricants to promote PVC fusion and reduce melt viscosity. This additive is also a powerfiil costabilizer for the alkyl tin mercaptide stabilizers at use levels of 0.2 to 0.7 phr. Calcium stearate can significantly improve the eady color and increase the long-term stabiUty at low levels however, as the concentration increases, significant yellowing begins to occur. 

The term glass has two meanings, ie, the material and a state of matter. The glassy or vitreous condition is where the atoms of the material have a random orientation. This amorphous or noncrystalline nature leads to physical properties typical of the product caHed glass, including unpredictable breaks, no sharp melting temperature, and no heat of fusion. 

A second method for preparing acid salts is termed fusion, represented by... 

Ash fusion characteristics are important in ash deposition in boilers. Ash deposition occurring on the furnace walls is termed slagging, whereas accumulation on the superheater and other tubes is termed fouling. A variety of empirical indexes have been developed (60,61) to relate fouling and slagging to the ash chemical composition through parameters such as acidic and basic oxides content, sodium, calcium and magnesium, and sulfur. 

Cl Vat Blue 4 is prepared from 2-arniaoaiitliraquiQoiie (66) by potash fusion in the presence of an oxidising agent such as sodium nitrite or air. An alternative method by dimerization of 1-aminoanthraquinone (17) by using such solvents as dimethyl sulfoxide or tetramethylurea has been reported, and improved methods for this reaction have been cited (135—138). These methods are considered to be advantageous in terms of the yield as well as the availability of starting compounds. 

In valence bond terms the pyrazine ring may be represented as a resonance hybrid of a number of canonical structures (e.g. 1-4), with charge separated structures such as (3) contributing significantly, as evidenced by the polar character of the C=N bond in a number of reactions. The fusion of one or two benzene rings in quinoxaline (5) and phenazine (6) clearly increases the number of resonance structures which are available to these systems. 

The entropy term is a measure of the degree of freedom of the molecules and thus a measure of its flexibility. Measurement of the heats and entropies of fusion has provided interesting information on the relative importance of various factors... 

Under certain conditions it is possible for a weldment to suffer corrosive attack which has the form of a fusion line crack emanating from the toe of the weld this is termed knifeline attack. It is occasionally experienced in welded stabilised steels after exposure to hot strong nitric acids. The niobium-stabilised steels are more resistant than the titanium-stabilised types by virtue of the higher solution temperature of NbC, but the risk may be minimised by limiting the carbon content of a steel to 0-06 Vo maximum (ELC steel). 

Many authors assume that the reaction indeed proceeds in such a way, with the specification that the quasi-cyclobutane intermediate corresponds with a complex of cyclobutane with C4-symmetry (3, 13, 2%, 46, 49, 68-72). The role of the catalyst is described by these authors in terms of the forbidden-to-allowed concept of Mango and Schachtschneider 73, 74), in which the assumption is made that the formation of the cyclobutane complex is the result of a concerted fusion of two alkenes. In the following this will be considered in more detail. 

Protein trafficking is the transport of proteins to their correct subcellular compartments or to the extracellular space ( secretory pathway ). Endo- and exocytosis describe vesicle budding and fusion at the plasma membrane and are by most authors not included in the term protein trafficking. Protein quality control comprize all cellular mechanisms, monitoring protein folding and detecting aberrant forms. 

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