Fungicidal antibiotic

ATC A07AA02 DOlAAOl GOlAAOl Use fungicidal antibiotic, antimycotic... 

Amphotericin-B, an amphoteric polyene macrolide remains the most effective for severe systemic mycoses. It is indicated for systemic mycoses such as disseminated candidiasis, cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, extracutaneous sporotrichosis and blastomycosis. It is a fungicidal antibiotic without antibacterial activity. It binds to ergosterol in the... 

Use Fungicide, antibiotic, abscission of citrus fruit in harvesting, turf disease control. 

The synthesis of the fungicidal antibiotic (-)-variotin (88), also known by the name of (-)-pecilocin, was underpiimed by efforts to study synthetic building blocks accessible photochemically from products of abnormal Rei-mer-Tiemann reaction in the context of their utility in natural-product total... 

Fungicide antibiotic micothiazoles (4,4 -bithiazole derivatives with p-me-thoxyacryhc acid fragment as a substituent) as cell respiration inhibitors 98UK595. 

In our lab recently the construction of a (preliminary) genetic map was achieved by analysing the progeny of a cross between two fungicide/antibiotic resistant strains by molecular methods (see below). Therefore the sexual cycle and meiotic recombination could form a valuable basis for molecular genetic approaches, inspite of the pitfalls and technical problems of the system. 

Another large-volume use for organ olithium compounds is in the synthesis of pharmaceutical and agricultural chemicals, eg, antibiotics (qv), antihistamines, antidepressants, anticoagulants, vasodilators, tranquiU2ers, analgesics, fungicides, and pesticides (116—119). 

These methods are employed for the detection and determination of antibiotics and substances with similar effects, like alkaloids, insecticides, fungicides, mycotoxins, vitamins, bitter principles and saponins [14]. 

Research on natural fungicides and bactericides has become of major worldwide importance. The U. S. antibiotics industry, based entirely on this field of research, now produces over 1000 tons of these substances annually, valued at more than 250,000,000. The names are becoming common words—streptomycin, penicillin, bacitracin, Terramycin. 

By far the greatest emphasis in the research and application of microbial antibiotics has been concerned with animal and human health. Despite the extent of the problems relating to plant disease, the practical use of antimicrobial antibiotics in plant agriculture has been limited to a few crops and compounds Only streptomycin and actidione (XI) at present enjoy commercial importance. This may be due in part to the wider applicability of the less expensive synthetic fungicides and in part to the difficulty of arousing much public sympathy for a sick plant. 

There are large numbers of naturally occurring representatives, especially of pyrrole that include the important polypyrroles (porphyrins and corrins), and the nitropyrrole antibiotics such as pyr-rolomycins and pyrroxamycin. Derivatives of furan have been used as fungicides and A-vinylpyr-rolidone is an important monomer for the production of blood plasma extenders and for cosmetic applications. On account of the similarity in the pathways for the aerobic degradation of monocyclic furan, thiophene, and pyrrole, all of them are considered here. Anaerobic degradation of furans is discussed in Part 2 of this chapter. 

The Shikimate pathway is responsible for biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in bacteria, fungi and plants [28], and the absence of this pathway in mammals makes it an interesting target for designing novel antibiotics, fungicides and herbicides. After the production of chorismate the pathway branches and, via specific internal pathways, the chorismate intermediate is converted to the three aromatic amino acids, in addition to a number of other aromatic compounds [29], The enzyme chorismate mutase (CM) is a key enzyme responsible for the Claisen rearrangement of chorismate to prephenate (Scheme 1-1), the first step in the branch that ultimately leads to production of tyrosine and phenylalanine. 

Thiadiazoles have found applications as pharmaceuticals, fungicides, herbicides, bacteriocides, dyes, lubricant additives, and vulcanization accelerators. Cephalosporins incorporating a 1,2,4-thiadiazole ring into the side chain have good antibiotic and antimicrobial properties. 

Condensation of coumaric acid with malonic acid yields the basic chalcone and stilbane skeletons (see Fig. 3.6). Stilbenes are found in most vascular plants, where they exhibit fungicidal and to a lesser extent antibiotic properties. They function as both constitutive and inducible defense substances. Some stilbenes inhibit fungal spore germination and hyphal growth, whereas others are toxic to insects and parasitic nematodes (round-worms). They also possess antifeeding and nematicide properties in mammals. For example, resveratrol (a stilbene in red wine) suppresses tumor formation in mammals. 

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