Polyketides fungi

From the cultures of streptomycetes were isolated anthacyclinones like aklavi-none. Various aromatic polyketide antibiotics produced by fungi and bacteria have quinoid structures, for example, doxorubicin, rhodomycin, and actinorhodin. ... 

FUJII, I., Polyketide biosynthesis in filamentous fungi. In Comprehensive Natural Products Chemistry, Vol. 1, Polyketides and Other Secondary Metabolites Including Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives (U. Sankawa ed.), Elsevier, Amersterdam, 1999, pp. 409-441. 

The second largest class of compounds reported from macroalgae is the polyketides, which comprise approximately a quarter of known algal compounds (Blunt et al. 2007). Polyketides are polymers of acetate (C2) and occasionally propionate (C3) and are very similar to fatty acids in their biosynthetic origin. Polyketides can be found in plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi. With a range of activities as broad as their structures, the polyketides are a diverse family of natural products classified based upon the polyketide synthases (PKSs) responsible for their biosynthesis, primarily type I and type II. 

Tkacz JS, Polyketide and peptide products of endophytic fungi Variations on two biosynthetic themes of secondary metabolism, in Bacon CW, White JF, Jr (eds.), Microbial Endophytes Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY, pp. 263—294, 2000. 

Fungi are traditionally considered in the botanical area, although they are genetically closer to animals. An example of fungal polyketide of current great interest is zaragozic acid. Its derivatives... 

Native CHS is a homodimer with subunits of 40 to 44kDa. The structure of the protein produced from the CHS2 cDNA of M. sativa has been determined and the residues of the active site defined. It belongs to the polyketide synthase (PKS) group of enzymes that occur in bacteria, fungi, and plants, and is a type III PKS. All the reactions are carried out at a single active site without the need for cofactors. 

Although far less numerous than the terpenoid/isoprenoid or polyketide NPs, the alkaloids (with an estimated 20,000 different structures) have a special place in NP research because a few are of great value to humans—for example, morphine, theobromine, caffeine, vincristine, quinine, codeine, cocaine, nicotine and strychnine. These often complex chemicals are found in about 20% of vascular plants and a smaller number of fungi, marine invertebrates and a few bacteria. ... 

The polyketides (Fig. 2) are a group of structurally diverse metabolites, synthesized primarily by soil microorganisms such as Streptomyces and related filamentous bacteria, but also by fungi and plants. The compounds are of great interest because they comprise a significant fraction not only of the number of microbial metabolites with physiological activity, but of the much smaller num-... 

I. Fujii, Polyketide Biosynthesis in Filamentous Fungi. In Comprehensive Natural Products Chemistry, U. Sankawa, Ed. Elsevier Oxford, 1999 Vol. 1, pp 409-441. 

Remarkably, the same compound can be produced in different ways by different organisms. The best known example is probably the polyketide anthraquinone, chrysophanol 9, which occurs in both eukaryotes (higher plants, lichens, fungi and insects) and prokaryotes, but is produced through different folding modes of polyketide chains.10 Similarly, it has also been demonstrated that the biosynthesis of gibberellins involves different metabolic sequences in fungi and plants.11... 

Is a specific Inhibitor of type II fatty acid synthetase In higher plants and . coll 12401. The acetyl-CoA ACP S-acety1-transferase Is the apparent specific site of Inhibition 12411. Another antibiotic, cerulenin (structure not shown) Inhbits -ketococy1-ACP synthetase I In bacteria, fungi, and plants, but also Is Inhibitory to other sites such as polyketide and sterol biosynthesis 1242-2441. Cerulenin and thiolactomycin Inhibited CQ14W-acetate Incorporation Into fatty acids at 150 values of 50 and 4 uM, respectively 12451. Recently cydohexanedlone herbicides have been shown to Inhibit lipid biosynthesis by Inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 12461. 

The power of combinatorial biosynthesis has been best demonstrated through the engineered biosynthesis of polyketides." Polyketides consist of a structurally diverse family of natural products and are mostly biosynthesized by soil-bome actinomyces as secondary metabolites. Fungi and plants have also been sources of polyketides. 

Lovastatin and mevastatin are synthesized via polyketide pathways. Polyketides are a large group of structurally diverse secondary metabolites produced by bacteria, fungi, and plants. The factors influencing production of lovastatin or mevastatin have not been fuUy elucidated. Studies of Aspergillus terreus grown in chemically defined media indicate that... 

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