Functional protonated

Combination of amines and dendrimers functionalized proton scavenger resins efficiently removes excess reagents from amide-formation reactions. Marsh et al.41 used a supported branched polyamine and... 

Genetic analysis and in vitro reconsitution studies suggested that all three Fo subunits (a, b, c) were required for a functional proton pathway.30,31 A single subunit or a combination of two could not form the H+ pathway when incorporated into liposomes. However, these results do not necessarily suggest that amino acid residues from the three subunits actually form a proton pathway. 

Dissociation of the purple membrane lattice, followed by incorporation of the bacteriorhodopsin into liposomes [327,356,357], yields a functional proton transport system. Thus, bacteriorhodopsin monomers will translocate protons upon illumination. 

C. Stone, T.S. Daynard, L.Q. Hu, C. Mah, and A.E. Steck. Phosphonic acid functionalized proton exchange membranes for PEM fuel cells. Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 3, 43-50 2000. 

MuUiken (140) has given a simple quantum-mechanical model of molecular complexes involving acids and bases (acceptors and donors) and points out that a loose complex of A and B should attract an additional A or B molecule additively. He gives a mechanism by which a weak Lewis acid like HCl may be transformed into a functioning proton... 

Cao and coworkers reported that problems in processing of doped PANi could be solved by the use of functionalized protonic acids. Indeed, solutions of camphor-sulfonic acid doped with PANi in m-cresol show liquid crystallinity and high electrical conductivity, according to Smith and his coworkers. This prompted additional work with this and other polymers. Unfortunately, the conductivity of cast films of solutions of polypyrrole (PPy) doped with dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid in m-cresol is low (ca. 10 S/cm). 

Singh, A. and Ganguly, B. (2007) DET studies toward the design and discovery of a versatile cage-functionalized proton sponge. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 420-422. 

D. B. Kell, On the Functional Proton Current Pathway of Electron Transport Phosphorylation—An Electrodic View, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 549, 55 (1979). 

Fig. 5.6 F/C intensity ratio in function of depth in symmetrical blend of fluoro a,(D-end-functional protonated polystyrene (a,(D-/ PS(Rf)2) and deuterated PS, measured by angle dependent XPS. Reproduced with authorization from [57]...

More recently, it was found that when a functionalized protonic acid (for example, camphorsulfonic acid, HCSA) was used as the dopant, the resulting complex of emeraldine salt was soluble (in the conductive form) in common nonpolar or moderately polar organic solvents [21]. The conductivities of PANI-HCSA films... 

Cao et al. [8,153] have reported that use of a functionalized protonic acid as a dopant which is... 

Functionalized protonic acids such as ( ) camphor sulfonic acid (HCSA) and dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (HDBSA) are used as primary dopants while m-cresol, xylene, etc. are used as the secondary dopants. The free-standing non-oriented PANI-CSA films cast from the above solvents have conductivities in the range 100—400 S cm , a value two orders of magnitude larger than that of non-oriented films of emeraldine base doped with aqueous HCl. MacDiarmid et al. [34] found that the conductivity of POT-CSA is 0.2 S cm in w-cresol and 2 S cm in chloroform whereas that of PANI-CSA is 140 S cm in w-cresol and 0.16 S cm in chloroform. These differences can be attributed as due to the interaction of the non-polar covalent methyl groups in POT with less polar chloroform, whereas in the case of RANI, the polar backbone can interact more readily with the polar /n-cresol. 

The conducting polymer salts doped with mineral acids are insoluble in common organic solvents. The polymer salts can be made soluble by doping with functionalized protonic acids, such as camphor sulfonic... 

A brief mention of secondary doping was given in Section 13.2. Some details are included in this section. Heeger et al. [126,127] have reported the use of functionalized protonic acid solutes to dope PANI as well as to simultaneously render the PANI complex... 

D.B.Kell, On the functional proton current pathway of electron transport phosphorylation, Biochim.Biophys.Acta 549 55 (1979). 

Polyanilines have been processed fi om solutions of neutral polyaniline in NMP, DMPU and others for some time[l,2]. Significant strides have been made in making fibers form these solutions. None eless, the technique suffers fi om the disadvantage that processed articles are non-conductive and need to be doped in a secondary step. The technique is not suited for preparation of coatings on a commercial scale. Processability of polyaniline in the doped form is more attractive as it removes the subsequent doping step. Functionalized protonic acids such as camphor sulfonic acid, preferably in the presence of m-cresol and dodecyl... 

The reaction family concept was exploited by representing the reactions by various reaction families incorporating the metal function (dehydrogenation/hydrogenation) and the acid function (protonation/deprotonation, H/Me-shift, PCP isomerizations, and P-scission). The optimized Cm model provided excellent parity between the predicted and experimental yields for a wide range of operating conditions. This shows that the fundamental nature (feedstock and catalyst acidity independent) of the rate parameters in the model. 

Amino acids are crystalline solids which usually decompose or melt in the range of 200°-350" C, and are poorly soluble in organic solvents. These properties suggest that they are organic salts and the evidence is that they exist in the crystal lattice as a dipolar ion or zwitterion. That is, the acidic proton from the carboxyl function protonates the amino function on the same molecule. This is not peculiar to amino acids but can instead be representative of any organic salt (i.e., nucleotides organic molecules which can contain cationic nitrogen and anionic phosphate within the same molecule). 

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