Fumigant poisoning

CALCIUM CYANIDE Cyanide of Calcium, Cyanogas G-Fumigant Poisonous, Class B, I 3 0 0 ... 

Although the potential role of semiochemicals as contact or fumigant poisons cannot be minimized, the bioassay procedures for such compounds are sufficiently similar to those for synthetic pesticides that a detailed review may not be necessary here. The simplest contact bioassay is identical to that for pesticides. The candidate toxin is dissolved in an appropriate solvent, usually acetone, and fixed quantities are applied to the subject with a microsyringe. A range of concentrations are used, and, with appropriate sample sizes, the resulting pattern of mortality is analyzed by probit analysis (Robertson Preisler 1992) to determine LDso s and fiducial limits. 

Methyl bromide is sold both as the essentially pure compound, 99.5% minimum, with not more than 0.010% water and 0.001% acidity as HBr, and with small amounts of chloropicrin [76-06-2], CCI2NO2. During 1992 methyl bromide in tank cars was priced at 1.70/kg. Methyl bromide is suppHed in 37,850- and 60,560-L tank cars and in 12,220-L ISO cylinders. Repackagers supply methyl bromide in 0.45 kg or 0.68 kg cans for such appHcations as fumigating tobacco seed beds. Alone or in formulations, it is classified as a poison, class B, and requires a poison label. 

Fumigation The result of a pollutant being trapped under or in an inversion layer, or the process of using poisonous gases to kill insects. 

The potential use of economic poisons in this specialized field may be stated as follows The use of fumigants will increase, but no faster than the construction of improved storage facilities which will permit the efficient use of fumigants. Residual insecticides will increase in use for many years, but the total tonnage will not be high. In a few countries,... 

Khan, A.A., M. Ahmad, S. Ahmad, and S.W.A. Rizvi. 1992. Evaluation of the comparative efficacy of fumigants and acute poison baits against Indian crested porcupine, Hystrix indica. Forest Ecol. Manage. 48 295-303. 

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a colorless, rapidly acting, highly poisonous gas or liquid that has an odor of bitter almonds. Most HCN is used as an intermediate at the site of production. Major uses include the manufacture of nylons, plastics, and fumigants. Exposures to HCN may occur in industrial situations as well as from cigarette smoke, combustion products, and naturally occurring cyanide compounds in foods. Sodium nitroprusside (Na2[Fe(CN)5 N0]-2H20), which has been used as an antihypertensive in humans, breaks down into nonionized HCN. 

The nematode problem in citrus is very different from the problem in vegetables and other annuals, where the soil can be fumigated between crops. The final solution of this problem will require either a resistant rootstock or a treatment which will tip the balance in favor of the tree. This latter might be either a systemic which will move downward in the tree and make the roots either poisonous or distasteful to nematodes or a soil treatment which will penetrate to great depths and destroy the nematodes without seriously injuring the trees. Either type of control is a big order. Standard known rootstocks are all attacked and an entirely new rootstock might require 25 years to test thoroughly, while in the chemical field there is no precedent in other crops. 

Uses Fumigant and larvacide for tobacco, cereals, dried fruits cellulose acetate solvent military poison gases intermediate in manufacture of pharmaceuticals, hydrocyanic acid, N,N-dimethylformamide organic synthesis. 

Hustinx WNM, van de Lar RTH, van Huffelen AC Systemic effects of inhalational methyl bromide poisoning a study of nine cases occupationally exposed due to inadvertent spread during fumigation. Br 7 Ind Med 50 155-159, 1993... 

METHYL BROMIDE Bromomethane, Embafume, M-B-C Fumigant, Monobromo-methane Poisonous Liquid or Solid, Class B 3 1 0 ... 

In the case of pesticides which are not ChE inhibitors, exposure is measured by the analysis of blood and/or urine for the active ingredient or its metabolites. Baseline levels of pesticides and/or metabolites are not usually determined, with the exception of methyl bromide. In this case, a blood sample is taken to check for bromide ion before fumigators use the pesticide. Blood and urine tests are run only in the case of spills or other accidents to assist in identifying the cause of poisoning or to monitor workers in a workplace. Paraquat, chlorinated hydrocarbons, mercury, p-nitrophenol, and dinitrophenol are examples of pesticides or metabolites of pesticides that have been found in the urine of exposed workers. 

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