Fumaric acid microbial synthesis

Reduction -of benzene [BENZENE] (Vol 4) -dehydrogenase-catalyzed [ENZYMES IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS] (Vol 9) -m dyes manufacture pYES AND DYE INTERMEDIATES] (Vol 8) -of esters pSTERS, ORGANIC] (Vol 9) -maleic anhydride [MALEIC ANHYDRIDE, MALEIC ACID AND FUMARIC ACID] (Vol 15) -microbial transformations [MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONS] (Vol 16) -of mtrophenols [AMINOPHENOLS] (Vol 2) -of terphenyls [BIPHENYL AND TERPHENYLS] (Vol 4)... 

Three immobilized enzyme or microbial cell systems currently used industrially in synthesis of chiral amino acids plus one presently under development are described. L-amino acids are produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of DL-acylamino acid with aminoacylase immobilized by ionic binding to DEAE-Sephadex. Escherichia coli cells immobilized by K-carrageenan crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and hexamethylenediamine are used to convert fumaric acid and cimmonia to L-aspartic acid and Brevibacterium flavum cells similarly immobilized are used to hydrate fumaric acid to L-malic acid. The decarboxylation of L-aspcirtic acid by immobilized Pseudomonas dacunhae to L-alanine is currently under investigation. 

MICROBIAL SYNTHESIS OF FUMARIC ACID 15.2.1 Producer Organisms... 

There are many organic acids that can be produced by microbial or biochemical means. However, at present, only acetic acid (as vinegar), citric acid, itaconic acid, gluconic acid, 2-keto-gulonic acid, and lactic acid are produced industrially by fermentation. Other organic acids, such as fumaric, gallic, malic, and tartaric acids, once produced by fermentation or enzyme processes, are now produced commercially, predominantly by the more economic means of chemical synthesis. 

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