Fumaric acid, Chloro

All these advanced methods have been compared with anodic oxidation for a 178-ppm 4-chlorophenol solution [140]. The mineralization rate was much faster for the new processes and the substrate was completely transformed into C02 by the Photoelectro-Fenton method, as can be deduced from data given in Fig. 22. In all cases, the initial intermediate was 4-chloro-l,2-dihydroxybenzene, which was further oxidized to yield maleic and fumaric acids with loss of Cl-. The subsequent degradation of these acids gave oxalic acid, which complexes with Fe(III). Such complexes are attacked slowly by OH, but decomposed quickly by UVA light. 

The hydration of fumaric acid [( )-butenedioic acid, 1 R = H] to (S)-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid (2) is catalyzed by the enzyme fumarase. This reaction can be run even on an industrial scale, exploiting the fumarase activity of immobilized microorganisms77. Unfortunately, the substrate spectrum of fumarase is very narrow. Nevertheless, (Z)-2-chlorobutenedioic acid (3, R = Cl) could be diastereo- and enantioselectively hydrated to (2S,3/ )-2-chloro-3-hydroxybu-tanedioic acid (4) on a 50-gram scale, employing commercially available pig heart fumarase [EC 4.2.1.2.]78. 

Fumaric acid is photostable in the solid state. Its ammonium salt, however, photoreacted to give the syn [2-1-2] cyclobutane dimer (Scheme 50) [83]. N-(l-Octadecyl)-4-stilbazolium p-chloro- or p-bromobenzene sulfonate underwent quantitative photodimerization to give the syn head-to-head dimer (Scheme 51) [84]. The structure of the dimers from these photodimerization reactions indicates that a compulsory control of the stereochemistry by steric and coulombic repulsion was unsuccessful in these cases. We are now looking for other crystallographic strategies to synthesize the all-tranj-cyclobutane dimer of fumaric acid. 

Ethene, chloro-, homopolymer. See Polyvinyl chloride trans-1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid. See Fumaric acid Ethene, 1,1-dichloro-. See Vinylidene chloride monomer Ethene, 1,2-dichloro-, (E)-. Seetrans-1,2-Dichloroethylene Ethene, 1,1-dichloro-, homopolymer. See Polyvinylidene chloride... 

Propylene glycol is often used as the diol. To a lesser extent are also used other glycols, like diethylene glycol, for greater flexibility, or neopentyl glycol for a somewhat better thermal resistance. Bisphenol A (2,2 bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane) is used when better chemical resistance is needed. Use of mixed diols is common. Many unsaturated dicarboxylic acids can be used, but maleic (as an anhydride) or fumaric acids are the most common. Chloro maleic or chloro fumaric acids are also employed. 

C7HigClNORh, Chloro(diethylamine)ethylenecarbonylrhodium, 423, 654 CgHuFeOa, (-)-Tetracarbonyl(fumaric acid)iron, 333, 407 CgHftFeOs, DL-Tetracarbonyl(fumaric acid)iron, 323, 343 C8H8Cl2N2Pt, 1-(4-Cyanopyridine)-3-ethylene-2,4-dichloroplatinum-(II), 413, 877... 

C14H23C104 chloro-fumaric acid dipentyl ester... 

C6H7CIO4 chloro-fumaric acid dimethyl ester 5331-33-9 ... 

C8H11CIO4 chloro-fumaric acid diethyl ester 10302-94-0... 

Smaller organic anions Amino acids, alkane caiiwxylic acids (formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate), chloro carboxylic acids (chloroacetate, dichloroacetate), hydroxy acids (hydroxyacetate, lactate, tartrate, citrate), glycolate, gluconate, pyruvate, dicarboxylic acids (oxalate, malonate, succinate, glutarate, fumarate, maleate), alkanesulfonic acids (methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate). 

Chloro complexes of ruthenium(II) were found to hydrogenate maleic and fumaric adds to succinic acid slowly at 60-80 °C and normal pressure of hydrogen. Non-activated alkenes lead to the production of ruthenium metal. The structures of the species involved are unknown. The mechanism involves coordination of the alkene followed by heterolytic cleavage of hydrogen, giving a ruthenium(II) hydride as the second step. ... 

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