Fuels operating experience

Total duration of fuel life, years 30 Based on fuel operation experience under irradiation... 

Several utility-scale demonstration facilities having power outputs in the 300-MW class have been constmcted in the United States and Europe. These started accumulating operating experience in 1995 and 1996. Other IGCC plants have been constmcted, including units fueled by petroleum coke and refinery bottoms. Advanced 500-MW class IGCC plants based around the latest heavy-duty combustion turbines are expected to be priced competitively with new pulverized-coal-fined plants utilising scmbbers. 

All fuel cell experiments were carried out using the anode supported Ni SDC (SDC) / SDC / LSM (SDC) cells described above. Temperatures reported are those at the fuel cell reaction zone. Fig. 4 shows the voltage V and power density P versus the current density J for the anode-supported SOFC operated on the R = 0.6 fuel mixture at 200 mL.min. ... 

The operational experience and technical data will help improve the next generation of fuel cell vehicles. The data collected will also contribute to the U.S. Department of Energy s Hydrogen Learning Demonstration Project and support the federal Freedom Car Program. 

The two fuel vehicles began operation late in the summer of 2007. Users maintain logs that document vehicle performance, and tests are ongoing to evaluate the operational experience and the refueling station. Other NREL evaluation projects involve transit buses powered by fuel cell hybrids in Oakland, California, Thousand Palms, California, and Hartford, Connecticut. 

Stewart, W.F., Operating Experience With a Liquid-Hydrogen Fueled Buick and Refueling System, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 525-538, 1984. 

Yelne, A., Bechtold, R.L., Moog, C.G., and Laughlin, M.D., NYSERDA AFV-FDP M85 Flexible Fuel Vehicle Fleet Operating Experience, SAE Paper No. 962068, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1996. 

Emonts, B., Hansen, J. B., Grube, T., Hohlein, B., Peters, R., Schmidt, H., Stolten, D., Tschauder, A., Operational experience with the fuel processing system for fuel cell drives, J. Power Sources 2002, 106, 333-337. 

About 330 tU from the Loviisa NPP has been shipped to the Mayak complex in Russia, but that practice was terminated in 1996 due to the legislative amendment referred to above. Nowadays all spent fuel is stored at the NPP sites until it will be disposed of. Only pool type storage technology is used and the operating experiences are good. 

Fuel cell stacks are assembled by Ballard and tested in application situations such as vehicles and stationary power. Operating experience... 

The accumulated operating experience amounts to about 8500 hours of gasification runs and about 3600 hours of operation as a fully integrated plant as per the end of 1999. The test runs have been very successful and the plant has been operated on different wood fuels as well as straw and RDF. One of the last tests included operation on 100% straw, which was accomplished without disturbances or problems. 

The mass flow of bio-oil in relation to diesel fuel increases in the main nozzle with 6.5 GPH (gallons per hour) by up to 1.33. The power in the dual fuel mode is reduced to 73 % of the full power in the diesel fuel mode. The reduction is due to the specific limitations of the gas turbine used for the experiments and not inherent in bio-fuel operation. However, for later commercial use further alterations to the fuel system and the nozzle size would be required. 

Process studies on fluoride volatility method have been carried out for the purpose of evaluating feasibility for the reprocessing of FBR fuels (33). Process concept investigated is shown in Figure 9. It aimed at a simple and advanced process for continuous operation. Experiments are mainly made on the fluorination and purification using bench-scale fluid-beds and traps. 

In cases where heat recovery was practiced, the overall thermal efficiency was assumed to be 507o. The major heat loss was the hot flue gases, but other losses included sensible heat plus the unburned fixed carbon in the ash, and radiation losses from the incinerator unit. Figure 1 shows a summary of the mass and energy balances for a metric ton refuse input to the incinerator. Some auxiliary fuel consumption was assumed (based on discussions with system designers and the actual operating experience of users) for startup, temperature control, and pilot burners in the secondary combustion chambers. 

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