Fuel resources, conservation

This technology has been used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), halogenated and nonhalogenated solvents, semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, herbicides, fuel oils, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), and mercury. This system has also treated Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) hazardous wastes such as petroleum refinery wastes and multisource leachate treatment residues to meet RCRA Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR) treatment standards. 

Michaelides, E. E., "The Concepts of Available Work as Applied to the Conservation of Fuel Resources," in Proceedings of the 14th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 1762-1766, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. (1979). 

If no on-site reclaiming efforts are made, the still bottoms from a typical distillation unit will usually contain between 1 and 10% BTF, and they must be disposed of according to proper Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) hazard classifications. Pure BTF and PCBTF have flash points less than 140°F and qualify as DOOl hazardous wastes, while pure 3,4-DCBTF is not regulated. These products do not contain any listed concentrations of compounds recognized by RCRA as hazardous wastes. In accordance with state and local regulations, their still bottoms may be added to other combustible products and incinerated as fuel oils, thereby avoiding costly hazardous waste disposal fees. The Heat of Combustion values are listed below ... 

Catlln, J. R., D. Morehouse, and R. P. P. Connop Improvements in Apparatus for Removal of Sheaths from Nuclear Fuel Elements, British Patent 1,180,033, Feb. 1970. Chauvin, M. French Situation in Fuel Reprocessing and Waste Management, Statement to California Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission, April 19, 1977. 

R8. Rodger, W. A. Reprocessing of Spent Nuclear Fuel, Presentation to California Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission, Mar. 7, 1977. 

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). In addressing the regulatory status of fossil fuel combustion wastes, EPA divided the wastes into two categories ... 

Prasad, S., Singh, A., Joshi, H. C. (2007). Ethanol as an alternative fuel from agricultural, industrial and urban residues. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 50, 1—39. 

The US steel industry is very large and consumes large quantities of energy. It uses 35% of this energy in the form of electricity, fuel oil, or natural gas the balance is coal. Therefore, the supply of the noncoal energy by an MHR can conserve scarce fossil fuel resources. 

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