Fuel processing techniques

Various processes can be used to produce energy or gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels from biomass and wastes. In addition, chemicals can be produced by a wide range of processing techniques. The following Hst summarizes the principal feed, process, and product variables considered in developing a synfuel-from-biomass process. 

Interconnects are formed into the desired shape using ceramic processing techniques. For example, bipolar plates with gas channels can be formed by tape casting a mixture of the ceramic powder with a solvent, such as trichloroethylene (TCE)-ethanol [90], Coating techniques, such as plasma spray [91] or laser ablation [92] can also be used to apply interconnect materials to the other fuel cell components. 

FIGURE 6.11 Diagram of the processing technique used to prepare Cu-Ce02-YSZ anodes for direct oxidation of hydrocarbon fuels by preparing a porous preform of YSZ and then infiltrating it with cerium nitrates to form ceria and then with copper nitrates to form metallic copper [84]. Reprinted from [84] with permission from Elsevier. 

B. Roland, J. Scholta, H. Wendt, "Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells - Materials Problems, Process Techniques and Limits of the Technology," in The International Fuel Cell Conference Proceedings, NEDO/MITI, Tokyo, Japan, 1992. 

Fuels and other petroleum products are derived from crude oil through the use of a variety of different refining process techniques. Distillation, however, is the first significant processing step taken in crude oil refining. Both atmospheric and vacuum distillation can be utilized to process crude oil into fuels and other products. 

In the previous chapters, thermodynamic analysis is used to improve processes. However, as pointed out in Chapter 9 (Energy Conversion), the exergy analysis did not make any distinction between the combustion of coal and natural gas and, as a result, could not make any statements regarding toxicity or environmental impact of exploration, production and use of the two fuels. A technique that can do this is LCA. What exactly is life cycle analysis In ISO 14040 [1], life cycle analysis (or life cycle assessment) is defined as "the compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and potential environmental impacts of a product throughout its life cycle."... 

Catalyst Coating Techniques for Micro Structures and Their Application in Fuel Processing... 

Separation of Actinides from High-level Waste (HLW). From the point of view of seeking a possible approach to the ultimate disposal of the HLW from the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuels, processes of solvent extraction and ion-exchange techniques have been studied to recover both americium and lanthanides from the HLW and to separate those subsequently. 

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