Frozen variable

The primary cost variable in barge shipments is fuel a midsize towboat can consume 5000 gal (18.9 kl) of diesel fuel daily. Barge shipments are also dependent on weather conditions low water or frozen rivers and canals can halt shipments. As ivith ocean vessels, the barges that move coal also ship other bulk commodities, making the rates and availability of barges for coal shipments dependent on conditions in other markets. Backliaiils (i.e., shipment of one commodity to a terminal and return with a different product) can substantially reduce coal rates. 

Here, the second term describes the change of the hopping amplitudes due to the displacement of the atoms parallel to the chain [cf. Eq. (3.5)] and the third term is a random contribution resulting from the conformational disorder (chain twists). While the lattice displacements u are dynamic variables, the fluctuations dl +t due to disorder are assumed to be frozen ( quenched disorder). 

In the final analysis, market price and sales volume are functions of the quality standards offered and the buyer s degree of confidence that the product will conform to the standards. Maintenance of buyer s confidence requires inspection to screen out all nonconforming products, or control over variability of quality during production and distribution to a degree where few, if any, products fail to meet the standards. Screening inspection of the finished product cannot improve quality it merely serves to segregate unacceptable from acceptable product, and results in loss of production capacity and costly waste and salvage. The second consideration provides the only sound basis for quality control in frozen food production and distribution. It operates on the old principle that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ... 

Giannakourore, M.C. and Taoukis, P.S., Kinetik modeling of vitamin C loss in frozen green vegetables nnder variable storage conditions. Food Chem., 83, 33, 2003. 

Because we intend to carry out these experiments in the leisure winter months, our inventory of frozen fruit will be low and we will not have enough of any one type of fruit to be used in all of the experiments. However, we will have available modest amounts of each of twenty types of fruit, so we can randomly assign these fruit types to each experiment and expect to average out any effect caused by variability of the qualitative factor, fruit . A systems view of the experimental arrangement is shown in Figure 15.6. 

EPR spectra were recorded with a Varian E9 X-band spectrometer using field (100 kHz) and light (13 or 83 Hz) modulation with phase-sensitive detection at the modulation frequencies (19). Typically, the field modulation amplitude employed ranged from 20 to 40 gauss, the microwave power from 0.1 to 0.5 mW. Measurements were performed on frozen solutions of the porphyrins at about 100 K using the standard Varian variable temperature accessory or at about 10 R with an Oxford Instruments helium gas cryostat. Light sources used for photoexcitation were a 1000 W Xe arc source powered by a Photochemical Research Associates Supply with electronic modulation... 

The study published by Hennessey et al. (46) concluded that proteomic profiles of frozen samples were consistent in the absence of microdissection. However, several critical points need to be considered first, the fact that proteomic profiles did not change between biologic replicates might simply mean that the intra-sample variability of the selected proteins was probably low, so that regardless of where the sample was taken the tumor looked the... 

---