Frog Pond

Amphibians such as frogs and salamanders depend heavily on temporary ponds for breeding. These ponds are highly vulnerable to the "acid shock" events associated with storms or snowmelt. In several studies, reproduction of amphibians has been shown to be seriously restricted when acidity of their habitat decreases to a pH value of less than 5 14). 

Adults feed on many pest speeies the young are aguatie, so a pond is reguired. This is an adult frog. 

Migrating frogs will tend to colonize a suitable pond within a year or two. If none appear, the pond is either unsuitable or cut off from their migration. If you suspect the latter, introduce some frog spawn taken from a healthy garden pond within, if possible, half a mile of your garden. Do not take frog spawn from the wild. 

Once a pond is established, it may not need much maintenance from the wildlife s point of view. Some insects prefer overgrown, muddy ponds, and frogs certainly don t mind weedy water. You may prefer a slightly more "managed" pond, but try not to disturb it unless really necessary. 

Ogurtsov, S. V. and Bastakov, V. A. (2001). Imprinting on native pond odour in the pool frog, Rana lessonae CAM. In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, vol. 9, ed. A. Marchlewska-Koj, J. J. Lepri, and D. Miiller-Schwarze, pp. 433-438. New York Kluwer Academic/Plenum. 

In a pond the frogs reproduce by natural methods and are eaten by bass, who die of natural... 

Frog, Rana sp., tadpole, whole Missouri, tailings pond Distance downstream from tailings pond 1 km 25 km... 

Example 3. Water samples have been collected from a farm pond that was found to contain deformed frogs. The water samples are to be analyzed by ELISA to determine the concentration of an agricultural fungicide that may be responsible for the deformities. A competitive ELISA in conjunction with a standard curve would be necessary due to the quantitative nature of the analyses (Figure 7.7). 

Choice of Pond Odors by Newts, Frogs, and Toads... 

Amphibians have been shown to discriminate the odor of their home pond from other mud or water odors (Forester and Wisnieski 1991 Grubb 1973, 1976 McGregor and Teska 1989 Ogurtsov and Bastakov 2001). In a two-way choice apparatus, an animal chooses between mud or water from the home pond and some control mud or water from a different source. This experiment tests the ability to home by chemical cues, one aspect of orientation in space use newts, frogs or toads, depending on animals available. 

Ogurtsov SV, Bastakov VA (2001) Imprinting on native pond odour in the pool frog Rana lessonae CAM. In Marchlewska-Koj A, Lepri JJ, MuUer-Schwarze D (eds) Chemical signals in vertebrates, vol. 9. Kluwer, New York, NY, pp 433 3825 Further Possible Experiments... 

The following example of frog in a lily pond was mentioned by Howard in 1960 in the opening of his book [3, p.3] as a graphic example of a Markov process. 

Snails and small crustaceans will arrive on birds feet or attached to plants diving beedes, water fleas, water boatmen, and pond skaters may soon be spotted scurrying through the water insects such as dragonflies and damselflies will fly in and start to breed and birds will fly down to drink and bathe. Later, frogs, toads, and newts may take up residence, and mammals such as foxes and raccoons could become regular visitors. 

Severtsova, E.A. Severtsov, A.C. (2005). Interpopulation comparison of variability o gastrulation of Common frog embryos living in conditions of anthropwgenic polluted ponds. Ontogenez. T. 36. Nq2. p. 110-122. (Russ.). 

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