Friedrich, Otto

Friedrich Otto Schott (1851-1935). In a closed glass tube a mercury drop contacted by a metal wire sealed into the end of the tube is used as an anode, a piece of... 

Stia counter — Mercury coulomb meter invented by Friedrich Otto Schott (1851-1935). In a closed glass tube a mercury drop contacted by a metal wire sealed into the end of the tube is used as an anode, a piece of graphite or more recently another wire sealed into the other end of the tube serves as cathode. Upon ffow of a direct (DC) current mercury is dissolved into the aqueous electrolyte solution containing KCl and Hgl and deposited at the cathode. A porous diaphragm prevents metallic drops of mercury to reach the anode. According to Faradays law the amount of deposited mercury... 

AP361 M. Friedrich. W. Meichle. H. Bernhard, G. Rihs and H.-H. Otto, Arch. Pharm. (Weinheim,... 

E. Heuser, ed., Justus von Liebig und Friedrich Julius Otto in ihren Briefen von 1838-1840 und 1856-1867, Bionomica Verlag, Mannheim, 1988 and 1989. 

The term liquid crystal was first applied to compounds that, unlike most compounds that melt in a single step at a definite temperature, show one or more well-defined phases between the solid and the true liquid. Otto Lehmann in 1888 was contacted by Friedrich Reinitzer who had observed that crystalline cholesteryl benzoate, on heating, seemed to have two melting points.At 145.5° C a cloudy liquid forms that, on further heating, changes sharply to a clear liquid at 178.5° C. On cooling the reverse order of phases was found. The turbid liquid is doubly refracting, like the anisotropic crystals described in Chapter 5, hence the... 

The bear appears as a symbol of valor on the arms of the chivalrous Order of the Bear, founded by Emperor Friedrich //in the year 1213 and endowed by him out of gratitude to the loyal subjects who had stood by his side in driving Otto IV out of the empire. 

Figure 3.29 Otto Friedrich Schott, who along with Zeiss and Abbe established the Technical Glass Laboratory of Schott and Co. in Jena in 1884. He was also a partner in the Zeiss optical company. (Published with permission from the Deutsches Museum, Munich.)...

Other strongly radioactive elements were discovered in tiny traces. In 1899, the French chemist Andre Louis Debieme (1874-1949) discovered actinium. In 1900, the German physicist Friedrich Ernst Dom (1848-1916) found a radioactive gas which eventually received the name radon. It was one of the inert gases (see page 143), fitting below xenon in the periodic table. Finally, in 1917, the German chemists Otto Hahn (1879- ) and Lise Meitner (1878- ) discovered protactinium. 

See Hans-Hermann Hertle, and Franz Otto-Gilles, Struktur, Entwicklung und Probleme der chemischen Industrie in DDR. Gesprach mit Dr. Friedrich Goetz," Berliner Arbeitshefte und Berichte zur sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung, 81 (Berlin, 1993), 7. 

The discovery of liquid crystals by humans is due to the Austrian botanist Friedrich Reinitzer [14] what he observed in 1888 were cholesteric MLCs (see Section 41.3.1). Some people did not believe Reinitzer that such strange structures are possible. However, a German scientist named Otto Lehmann asked Reinitzer for some samples, conducted similar experiments, and reported virtually identical results a year later [15]. Given the popirlar disbelief, Lehmaim s resirlts were not exactly trivial. Lehmaim also coined the name liquid crystals —over objections of Reinitzer, who said the name is wrong and constitutes a contradiction. As you can easily imagine, there were cen-tennnial celebrations in Austria in 1988 and in Germany in 1989. 

Fig. 1.2 Photos of Friedrich Reinitzer (/ ) and Otto Lehmann (right)...

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