Friction, lubrication, and wear

B. Bhushan, J. N. Israelachvili, U. Landman. Nanotribology friction, wear and lubrication at the atomic scale. Nature (London) 374 607-616, 1995. 

Tribology is the branch of science and engineering of surfaces in relative motion. Included are issues of friction, wear, and lubrication of surfaces. Modem technology has enabled the study of these characteristics in a number of different ways. These studies have given rise to a new branch atomic-scale tribology. This branch deals with issues and processes from atomic/molecular scale to microscale. These... 

Buckley, D.H., Surface Effects in Adhesion, Friction, Wear, and Lubrication, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1981. 

Rowe, G.W., Friction, Wear and Lubrication Terms and Definitions, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, International Research Group on Wear and Engineering Materials, Paris, 1969. 

Friction is the tangential resistance offered to the sliding of one solid over another, due to dry friction. Friction is an apparently simple phenomenon with very complex mechanisms that take place on a variety of length scales, from atomic to nano and up. The study of friction is part of the engineering-scientific discipline of tribology,3 which is the scientific study of friction, wear, and lubrication (6). It was Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) who discovered the first two laws of friction, namely, that the area of contact has no effect on friction and that friction is proportional to the load. These two laws were rediscovered later by Guillaume Amontons (1663-1705), and later Charles-Augustin Coulomb (1736-1806), added the third law ... 

Ludema K. Friction, Wear and Lubrication A Textbook in Tribology. CRC Press 1996. 

Protein interfacial layers also control traditional surface physicochemical properties of friction, wear, and lubrication in the joints of articulated bones—e.g., in hip joints. Little is known about the rubbing surfaces and the filling fiuids of the natural ball and socket connections except that they are predominately cartilaginous, glycoprotein, and proteoglycan materials. 

Freeman, M.E. Furey, M.J. Love, B.J. Hampton, J.M. Friction, wear, and lubrication of hydrogels as synthetic articular cartilage. Wear 2000, 241, 129-135. 

Tribology dominates our daily activities. Friction enables us to stand, walk, and run properly. Friction also enables us to drive a car, a boat, or a snowmobile or to ski or skate. Brushing, shaving, and chewing involve extensive friction, wear, and lubrication. Writing and printing are tribological processes accomplished by a controlled transfer of ink to paper. Some of these processes are productive and some are unproductive friction and wear. 

From the foregoing discussions we can understand why friction, wear and lubrication have become associated as related components of a recognized scientific and technological specialty. As this recognition developed, it became apparent that there was a need for a convenient and appropriate appellation which would emphasize the unified rather than the tripartite character of the subject. The past 15 years have seen the adoption of the term tulbotogy for that purpose. 

It simplifies things considerably if we think of friction, wear and lubrication in terms of common experience namely, the rubbing of solid bodies. We note the involvement of three basic conditions (1) each body has a bounding surface (2) the bodies are put into contact with each other at the surface by a load (3) the bodies are in relative motion. Under these conditions the system composed of the solid bodies will experience friction and wear. We wish to eliminate or at least reduce the friction and wear, and we propose to do this by introducing an appropriate substance between the bounding surfaces. In other words, we propose to lubricate the rubbing system. 

D. H. Buckley, Friction, Wear and Lubrication in Vacuum, NASA SP-277, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D. C., 1971, pp. 56-60. 

The effect of temperature on friction, wear and lubrication can be looked at from two points of view. In one, temperature effects originate as a consequence of the rubbing process pe/t it in the other, temperature is part of the ambient environment. This difference governs the way the influence of temperature is analyzed. In some instances temperature enters the analysis as an external experimental variable, the role of which is introduced by postulation. But in other cases temperature changes are an intrinsic part of the rubbing process, and refined experimental technique is required to obtain the data which must be combined with correct analysis to obtain valid results. 

In conformity with the policy of the major scientific and technical periodicals, quantitative units are SI [Syitimc InicAnaJC Lonalc] wherever feasible. However, much of the data cited in this book goes back prior to the adoption of SI units, and in many instances it has not been possible to make the conversions or else it has proved excessively laborious to do so. In such cases the data have been left in their original units. Also, the results of many studies of friction, wear and lubrication are reported in arbitrary units which cannot be converted to SI under any c i rcumstances. 

Temperature Effects in Friction, Wear and Lubrication 15.1. Interfacial Temperature and Rubbing. ... 

A.Yu Ishlinsky Ed. "Friction, wear and lubricants", Proc. of 1985, Tashkent Int. Conf. Goskomizolat Moscow (1985) cited in ref. 10... 

Tribology is a science studying friction, wear and lubrication, along with interactions of the contacting physical bodies during their mutual motion. 

L.S. Pinchuk, V.A. Goldade and A.S. Neverov. About electrical phenomena in metal-polymer moving joints. Proc. of Soviet Conf. Theory of friction, wear and lubrication , Tashkent, 1975, Vol. 2, pp. 145-146. 

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