Frequency of the electric field

Theoretical treatments on FMP [28-30] confirmed the resonance condition as expressed in Eq. (5). 

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For particular magnitudes and frequencies of the electric fields, only ions of selected mass can pass (filter) through the assembly to reach an ion detector. 

For collision frequencies large compared with the frequency of the electric field, the current remains in phase with the electric field in the reverse case, the current is 90° out of phase. The in-phase component of the current gives rise to an energy loss from the field (Joule heating loss) microscopically, this is seen to be due to the energy transferred from the electrons to the atoms upon collision. 

As the frequency of the electric field is increased, the molecules will continue their attempt to rotate with the field, but will be more and more impeded by the damping caused by their interaction with neighboring molecules. The molecules will no longer be able to rotate fully, and the measured dielectric constant will decrease. 

The first term, which contains the the static dielectric permittivities of the three media , 2, and 3, represents the Keesom plus the Debye energy. It plays an important role for forces in water since water molecules have a strong dipole moment. Usually, however, the second term dominates in Eq. (6.23). The dielectric permittivity is not a constant but it depends on the frequency of the electric field. The static dielectric permittivities are the values of this dielectric function at zero frequency. 1 iv), 2 iv), and 3(iv) are the dielectric permittivities at imaginary frequencies iv, and v = 2 KksT/h = 3.9 x 1013 Hz at 25°C. This corresponds to a wavelength of 760 nm, which is the optical regime of the spectrum. The energy is in the order of electronic states of the outer electrons. 

Thus, dielectric constants(er) that determine the charge holding ability of the materials are characteristic for each substance and its state, and vary with temperature, voltage, and, finally, frequency of the electric field. Dielectric constants for some common materials are given in Table 1.1. 

If the molecules of the solvent are devoid of permanent dipoles, then on reduction of the frequency of the electric field it is still only the electronic and atomic polarization that follow the direction of the... 

The same parameter can be used to demonstrate the effect of the frequency of the electric field on the structure of the polymer depositions and also the structural difference between polymers on the electrode and on the substrate. As shown... 

Fig. 18. Dependence of and tgS on the frequency of the electric field for freshly foamed phen-...

Relative EB An /Ano as a function of the frequency of the electric field V for PCEMA fractions in tetrachloro-methane with different molecular weights M 63, 234). 10-6 = 19.1 (1) ... 

That means that, beside a time-independent phase shift, there exists a phase shift of the frequency 2co j, where co j is the circular frequency of the electric field. The Kerr cell is a set of two parallel electrodes placed between crossed polarizers. Thus the optical signal s behind the crossed polarizers is given by... 

Figure 29. Frequency dependence of Kerr constant B (in pmV -) for fumrot and norot in dioxan solution 1 and 2. a, Kerr constant of 1 (triangles) and 2 (circles) as a function of the AC frequency of the electric field in dioxane at 296K. Applied voltage U = 7 V separation between electrodes = 20pm (that is, an electric field strength of 0.35 Vpm ).. Solid lines are Lorentz fits (maxima at 57.7 Hz, 53.3 and 82 Hz [63]...

Figure 30. Field-strength-dependence of the Kerr constant a function of the AC frequency of the electric field at 296 K. AppUed voltage U = 7 V (open circles, maxima at 56 Hz), 11V (full circles, maxima at 36 Hz), 13 V (open squares, maxima at 33 Hz) and 16 V (bfull squares, maxima at 25 Hz)...

FIGURE 5.69 Schematic presentation of the electric conductivity, A%, the real part, Ae, and the imaginary part, Ae", of the dielectric permittivity increments of dispersion as functions of the frequency of the electric field, CO. For definitions of A%, Ae, and Ae", see Equation 5.390. 

MHz. The frequency of the electric field is much higher and, thus, ions in the discharge do not have enough time to move, whereas electrons move Ifom one electrode to another as the polarity of the apphed voltage changes. The typical space-time APPJ structure, showing the two sheaths and the positive column, is shown in Fig. 4-103. 

Fig. 9. a) Relative Kerr constant Kv/K vs. frequency of the electric field v for polymer 13 fractions (Table 5) in tetrachloromethane b) Coefficient G (eq. 5) vs. M plot of polymer 13 fractions. 

Table 1 shows that all three samples are switchable under the influence of an electric field. Altering the frequency of the electric field from 0.2 kHz to 200 kHz, the orientation changes from homeotropic to homogenous and vice versa. 

Since the position of that maximum does not depend on the frequency of the electric field, the transition may be interpreted as structural and not relaxational. 

Assuming that the liquid does not respond to the instantaneous value of the force at the frequency of the electric field, one can obtain the time average of Eq. 4 and thus obtain... 

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