Frequency multiplier

Millimetre wave Klyston (frequency multiplied) backward wave oscillator Mica polymer None Crystal diode Golay cell thermocouple bolometer pyroelectric... 

The frequency of blockages, per second of open time, is +s[B], so the mean number of blockages in each channel opening is simply the blockage frequency multiplied by the mean open time ... 

The frequency. Since ESR can be a function of frequency, the frequency will indirectly affect the life of the capacitor. We will see that this leads to the published frequency multipliers. ... 

Thus the high-frequency ESR is about half the low-frequency ESR. Frequency multipliers should always be used, or we will overestimate the heating and underestimate the life, possibly forcing us to move to a larger capacitor size (overdesign). 

The subscript ref refers to the values at the reference temperature. If we plot the measurement frequency multiplied by the constant aT all the data superimpose on the frequency axis. The correction for the moduli is to multiply by the function... 

Figure 12. Comparison of simple RRKM rate-energy curves, using three different loose activated complexes giving the same rates at the energy corresponding to about 10 s" . Calculations are shown for Eq values of 1.86 and 3.10 eV. The three transition states are (a) uniform frequency multiplier of 0.9 (—) (b) four low-frequency vibrations (—) (c) low-frequency vibration to internal rotor ( -). The corresponding values are as follows 1.86 eV, (a) = 8.2 eu, (b) = 4.9 eu, (c) = 1.6 eu 3.10 eV (a) = 6.9 eu, (b) = 4.9 eu, (c) = 2.9 eu. Also shown is the semiclassical RRK functional form...

Figure 7.16 Outline of a frequency multiplier for laser light. Cj, C2, second harmonic generators WS, wavelength separator. The frequencies of light are shown as V (fundamental), y first harmonic and y3 second harmonic...

The idea for using diodes for generation and amplification of power at microwave frequencies was suggested by A. Uhlir, Jr. Frequency multipliers have been used for power generation since 1958. These devices depend on the nonlinear reactance or resistance characteristics of semiconductor diodes. Generally, there are three types of multiplier diodes—step recovety diodes, variable resistance multiplier diodes, and variable capacitance multiplier diodes. 

The rate constant in this expression can be interpreted loosely as some characteristic attempt frequency multiplied by a Boltzmann factor, which represents the probability of occupying the initial states that lie just above the top of the barrier. The Arrhenius law predicts that even for the lowest barrier still satisfying Eq. (1.1) the rate constant vanishes at sufficiently low temperature. For instance, even for a very fast reaction with k0 = 1013s-1, V0 = 1.2 kcal/mol, = 1012s-1 at 300 K, the rate constant decreases to 10-9s-1 at T = 10 K. Such a low value of k completely precludes the possibly of measuring any conversion on a laboratory time scale. 

G. Chattopadhyay, E. Schlecht, I. S. Ward, I. I. Gill, H. H. S. lavadi, F. Maiwald, and I. Mehdi, An all-solid-state broad-band frequency multiplier chain at 1500 GHz, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 52, pp. 1538, 2004. 

Within the frequency range up to 200 GHz the klystron can be replaced (at a price) by synthesisers, coupled with solid state microwave amplifiers and passive or active frequency multipliers. These devices have very high frequency stability, are easily modulated either in frequency or power, and are readily compatible with computer control of all their main fbnctions. The klystron is gradually becoming redundant, but has an honoured place in the development of microwave spectroscopy. 

The final frequency is automatically determined by setting the initial frequency. The value of the final frequency is Initial Frequency multiplied by 113. 

Evolution of a coherence based on a chemical shift is usually indicated by a rotation (superoperator) at the precession frequency multiplied by the period during which the chemical shift acts, for example, ClfT. 

The frequency with which A molecules in a solution will encounter B molecules is this frequency multiplied by ns, the mole fraction of B. For very dilute solutions ub = Nb/Nb, the ratio of the molecular densities of B to S molecules. But l/Ns, the volume per solvent molecule, can be written as t ab, with y determined by the packing factor for the lattice. By substituting these relationships in Eq, (XV.2.2) we can write for the encounter frequency of A and B in such a lattice s... 

A contribution to the sum from a frequency 0) is retarded, in effect behaves as the non-retarded component of the total interaction-frequency multiplied... 

The experiments were performed using fundamental (1064 nm) and frequency-multiplied outputs (532, 355, and 266 nm) of a Nd YAG laser (Spectra Physics GCR-100 or Continuum Surelight I-IO). The energy of the Nd YAG laser was generally maintained at 40mJ/pulse (200mJ/cm2) in... 

Suppose that the signal coming from the probe can be written as A cos coot where A gives the overall intensity and as usual coo is the Larmor frequency. Let us write the local oscillator signal as cos coxx.t, where corx is the receiver frequency. Multiplying these two together gives ... 

Example What is the DM noise spectrum measured at the LISN for a 5 V 15 A flyback at an input of265 VAC, with a transformer turns ratio of 20 We are using an aluminum electrolytic bulk capacitor whose datasheet states that it has a capacitance of270 p,F, a dissipation factor (tangent of loss angle) of tan S = 0.15 as measured at 120 Hz, and a frequency multiplier factor of 1.5 at 100 kHz. 

Let us now understand what a frequency multiplier tells us. The ESR of an elko is also usually stated at 120 Hz. The vendor may have directly provided a ripple current rating at 100 kHz in addition to the 120 Hz number. If not, he would certainly have provided frequency multipliers. Atypical frequency multiplier is 1.43 at 100 kHz. That means that if we are allowed 1 A ripple current at 120 Hz, then at 100 kHz we are allowed 1.43 A. This, by design, will produce the same heating (core temperature rise over ambient) as 1 A causes at 120 Hz. Therefore this is also equivalent to saying that the ESR at 100 kHz is related to the ESR at 120 Hz by the following equation ... 

An alternative to the excimer lasers are frequency multiplied solid-state laser. The main disadvantage of these lasers is their strong coherence that makes it difficult to use a mask to cut a part of the laser beam without having diffraction patterns on the irradiated surface. 

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