Freezing damages, 5.33

The amount of moisture that air can hold is inversely proportional to the pressure of the air. As the pressure of the air increases, the amount of moisture that air can hold decreases. The amount of moisture air can hold is also proportional to the temperature of the air. As the temperature of the air decreases, the amount of moisture it can hold decreases. The pressure change of compressed air is larger than the temperature change of the compressed air. This causes the moisture in the air to condense out of the compressed air. The moisture in compressed air systems can cause corrosion, water hammers, and freeze damage. Therefore, it is important to avoid moisture in compressed air systems. Coolers are used to address the problems by moisture in compressed air systems. 

Most packaged water chillers are large enough to have capacity control devices in the compressor. The main control thermostat will unload the compressor as the water temperature approaches a lower safe limit, so as to keep the water as cold as possible without risk of freeze damage. 

Leibo, S.P. (1976). Freezing damage of bovine erythrocytes Simulation using glycerol concentration changes at subzero temperatures. Cryobiol. 13,587-598. 

Fig. 4.7.7 A portable NMR system for measuring freeze damage in Navel oranges. The Halbach magnet is shown above the completed system with two Navel oranges for comparison. The complete system has the battery powered spectrometer electronics housed in a metal box and the system is run by a portable computer.

The 0-0 spacings of sugar fit the water-lattice better at room T in liquid state than in ice. Warner gave the working hypothesis that this may help to prevent freezing damage of cells228, 233. ... 

Large amounts of centrifuge pulp in a sample is an indication of high extractor and finisher pressures applied to the fruit during manufacture. It may also indicate the softness or freeze damaged fruit. 

The harvest season in Washington State is somewhat shorter than in California. It generally begins during the third week of September. To avoid potential damage or losses through frost or freeze damage, it is necessary to complete the harvest no later than the first week of November. Wolfe... 

The assumption If civilization endures, medical science should eventually be able to repair almost any damage to the human body, including freezing damage and senile debility or other cause of death. (Definite reasons for such optimism will be given.)... 

Figure Ic. With catheter in place balloon is inflated to block blood flow and catheter tip freezes damaged tissue.

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