Freeze drying physical properties

Thermal expansion properties, which may be important in some processing situations, such as freeze-drying. The physical design of the container also influences its resistance to thermal and mechanical shock. 

Preservation. Isolated humic substances should be freeze-dried to yield a stable, easy to handle product with good physical properties. ... 

Farkas, B. E. and Singh, R. P. (1991). Physical properties of air-dried and freeze-dried chicken white meat. Journal of Food Science, 56(3), 611-615. 

A product for ion exchange use has been prepared in granular form by freezing (487) purified, freshly precipitated gels at a cooling rate of 5-10 cal/ml/hour. Upon unfreezing a granulated product with physical properties more desirable than the plain air-dried gel is obtained. 

Ishikawa K, Ducheyne P, Radin S (1993) Determination of the Ca/P ratio in calcium-deficient hydroxylapatite using X-ray diffraction analysis. J Mater Sci Mater in Med 4 165-168 Ishikawa K, Miyamoto Y, Kon M, Nagayama M, Asaoka K (1995) Non-decay type fast-setting calcium phosphate cement composite with sodium alginate. Biomaterials 16 527-532 Itatani K, Iwafune K, Howell FS, Aizawa M (2000) Preparation of various calcium-phosphate powders by ultrasonic spray freeze-drying technique. Mater Res Bull 35 574-85 Ito M, Hidaka Y, Nakajima M, Yagasaki H, Kafrawy AH (1999) Effect of hydroxylapatite content on physical properties and coimective tissue reactions to a chitosan-hydroxylapatite composite membrane. J Biomed Mater Res 45 204-208... 

A complete crystallisation of ice and all the solute(s) in real time is rare. Nevertheless, the physical and chemical properties of the freeze-dried product depend critically on the equilibrium phase behaviour, as defined by the phase rule, and also on any transient non-equilibrium excursions, induced by the particular processing conditions employed during freezing and drying. The system water-sucrose-NaCl serves as a good illustration of these three possibilities. 

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