Freedom degree, optical properties

We show how the response of a molecule to an external oscillating electric field can be described in terms of intrinsic properties of the molecules, namely the (hyper)polarizabilities. We outline how these properties are described in the case of exact states by considering the time-development of the exact state in the presence of a time-dependent electric field. Approximations introduced in theoretical studies of nonlinear optical properties are introduced, in particular the separation of electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom which gives rise to the partitioning of the (hyper)polarizabilities into electronic and vibrational contributions. Different approaches for calculating (hyper)polarizabilities are discussed, with a special focus on the electronic contributions in most cases. We end with a brief discussion of the connection between the microscopic responses of an individual molecule to the experimentally observed responses from a molecular ensemble... 

One of the reasons NPs are attractive for a wide range of applications is the potential to engineer their electronic, chemical, and optical properties through their struemre. Varying the composition of the NP provides an additional degree of freedom and... 

No theory has been published for this case. It can be expected, from general considerations, that the electrohydrodynamic processes will result in a change in the optical properties of the layer of the Sc phase, even when there is no change in the arrangement of the smectic layers, since the director has an extra degree of freedom—the possibility of rotation around the normal to the layers. Electrohydrodynamic instabilities in the 5c phase have been repeatedly observed in experiment. The formation of domains in smectic C under the influence of an electric voltage was first observed [127] with p-n-heptyloxybenzoic acid (HOBA) ... 

Attractive forces and external energy input will lead to denser structures opening additional degrees of freedom. Densification of open fractal structures is observed in sheared systems due to restructuring of the aggregates. The properties of aU these structures can be studied in considerable detail. For instance, geometric, hydrodynamic, and optical properties have been considered (Al Zaitone et al, 2009 Binder et al, 2006, 2009 Eggersdorfer et al, 2012 Schlauch et al, 2013 Sorensen, 2011). 

An early application of this type of analysis was to decompose Pio/v( ) into its rotational, translational and their cross-correlation subspectra. It was shown through this decomposition that electrostatic solvation spectra for dipole and charge perturbations are dominated by rotational dynamics. More generally, it was shown how the range and symmetry of AP and molecular properties such as masses and moments of inertia are related to the relative contributions of rotational and translational degrees of freedom to SD. INM analysis has also proved useful in comparing the molecular mechaitisms contributing to short-time dynamics observed in different experiments,such as SD, optical Kerr ef-... 

Side-chain LCPs are, in a way, more subtle than their main-chain counterparts because, thanks to the flexible spacers, the polymer main chain (called backbone) still retains many degrees of freedom. In fact, there is a true balance between the natural disorder of the backbones and the liquid-crystalline order of the rod-like moieties. For instance, in the SmA phase, it was recently demonstrated by SANS that the backbone performs a 2-dimensional random walk between the smectic layers [22]. Therefore, these materials have poor mechanical properties but display a rich variety of mesophases, even at room temperature. This makes them more suitable for applications in displays and electro-optic devices. 

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