Free energy release

Transport term , i.e. the rate at which molecules arrive at the surface Apportioning factor proportion of the bulk free energy released during stem deposition Lateral growth rate of a sector Strain surface free energy... 

The reaction Gibbs free energies are for pH = 7 but otherwise standard conditions.) What amount (in moles) of ATP could be formed if all the Gibbs free energy released in the oxidation of... 

The negative value of A Gjjg shows that the free energy released in the acetyl phosphate reaction is more than enough to drive the conversion of ADP to ATP. 

Much of the catalytic power of enzymes is ultimately derived from the free energy released in forming many weak bonds and interactions between an enzyme and its substrate. This binding energy contributes to specificity as well as to catalysis. 

Dependence of AG on pH The free energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP under standard conditions at pH 7.0 is -30.5 kJ/mol. If ATP is hydrolyzed under standard conditions but at pH 5.0, is more or less free energy released Explain. 

Efficiency of ATP Production in Muscle The transformation of glucose to lactate in myocytes releases only about 7% of the free energy released when glucose is completely oxidized to C02 and H20. Does this mean that anaerobic glycolysis in muscle is a wasteful use of glucose Explain. 

Note that this expression is true only when reactants and products are at their equilibrium concentrations, where AG = 0. At any other set of concentrations, AG is not zero. Recall (from Chapter 13) that the ratio of products to substrates (the mass action ratio, Q) determines the magnitude and sign of AG and therefore the amount of free energy released during the reaction ... 

In all organisms the free energy released in redox reactions is conserved in the energy-carrier molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is the universal carrier... 

If an uncoupler is added to mitochondria in the presence of an oxidizable substrate, 02 uptake commences immediately and continues until essentially all of the 02 in the solution is used up (fig. 14.16a). This happens even in the absence of added ADP or P The free energy released in... 

As long as the products of ATP hydrolysis remain bound to myosin, the free energy released from the hydrolysis (31 kJ-mol at standard biological conditions) remains stored, essentially intact, within the protein. Upon the release of Pi, energy is made available to effect the conformational change that provides the motion. 

To demonstrate this more clearly, let us consider several typical free radical chain reactions and try to associate the high activity of free radicals and the accumulation of free energy release in a chemical reaction by them. 

Fig. 3. Thermodynamic model of oxide layer as a reaction activation barrier, with free energy release AUoxi

The electrical work done through this reaction is nFE, where F is the Faraday constant and E is the electrode potential. This electrical work equals the Gibbs free energy release ... 

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