Free energy loss

Because of the absence of any further contacts with the HIV PR active site residues, the contribution of the quinoline moiety to the free energy of binding remains unclear. Perhaps in solution, a stacking interaction of the PI phenyl ring and the aromatic quinoline restricts the conformational freedom of Ro-31-8959, in effect diminishing the free-energy loss due to the entropic and desolvation effects. 

In this last equation AF0,lntisthe standard free energy of reaction AF°f in the prevailing medium, corrected for the translational free energy loss when the oriented center, in which the electron formerly resided, disappears during the formation of product from the centered distribution on the hypersurface. This corrected AF° constitutes the driving force for reaction at the mean separation distance R ... 

The final process represents a new reaction type—oxidative dehydration accompanied by free energy loss. Contrary to usual dehydration, this process may be performed under soft conditions at almost room temperature ... 

In the reversible Daniell cell the reaction of two grainequivalents of zinc is accompanied by the free energy loss AG< == — 51,063 cal at 25 °C, if the activity of the Zn++ and Cu++ ions in both solutions equals unity. The equilibrium... 

Figure 8.4 Energetics of operation of DSSCs. The primary free energy losses are associated with electron injection from the excited sensitiser into the TiOi conduction band and regeneration of the dye by the redox couple. The voltage output of the device is approximately given by the splitting between the Ti02 Fermi level (dashed line) and the chemical potential of the redox electrolyte.

Class I —Reactions Involving a Free Energy Loss. 

Because the free energy of hydrolysis is exceptionally large, PEP is irreversibly converted to pyruvate. The free energy loss, which makes the reaction irreversible, is associated with the spontaneous conversion (tautomerization) of the enol form of pyruvate to the more stable keto form. 

However, much research remains to be done in this area. The thermodynamics of metabolic flux analysis has not yet been well established and free energy loss analysis based on metabolic flux analysis has only been applied to some particular problems, although there might be room for the development of a systematic methodology. 

To conclude, the calculation using a worm-hke chain model gives further evidence for the formation of small loops, but suggests that these loops are not necessarily limited by the chemical structure. This is easy to understand, since the free energy loss for pulling one segment out of the crystaUine phase is only of the order of kT (or less) at experimental temperatures. 

This class of electrodes is generally categorized as reversible or non-polarizable. By this, we mean simply that the electrode passes electric current without changing the chemical environment in the region of the electrode. The basic thermodynamic consideration for electrochemical reversibility is expressed by the Gibbs free-energy-loss relation... 

The stretching of the chain leads to an entropic free energy loss of TV) per chain, and the repulsive energy density resulting from unfavorable monomer-monomer contacts is proportional to the squared monomer density times the dimensionless excluded-volume parameter p (introduced in Section III). The free energy per chain is then... 

This qualitative interpretation has been quantitatively verified by the concept of the resonance energy [114]. The one-electron reduction potential is correlated with the free energy loss which occurs in the formation of the radical anion. For structurally related compounds this energy can be formulated as the 7t-resonance energy difference between the neutral and radical anion species (Table 1.8). 

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