Free-energy change for the reaction

Calculate the value of A l,/ for the glyceraldehyde-3-phos-phate dehydrogenase reaction, and calculate the free energy change for the reaction under standard-state conditions. 

Equation (9.5) enables us to calculate ArG for a chemical reaction under a given set of activity conditions when we know the free energy change for the reaction under the standard state condition. Of special interest are the activities when reactants and products are at equilibrium. Under those conditions,... 

P9.2 The free energy change for the reaction between native and denatured chymotrypsinogen has been measured as a function of temperature and pressure. The reaction can be described as ... 

The activity coefficients in the above equation may be determined by obtaining experimental data for D/ m, and relating Ka to the free energy change for the reaction using the equation AGf = -RT In K. 

Equation (a) forms the basis removing Ca from sodium. The free-energy change for the reaction is highly favorable, and even at small concentrations of Ca in sodium the addition of oxygen should result in the formation of insoluble CaO. 

The salt is a colorless crystalline solid which is virtually insoluble in all common organic solvents. It reacts slowly with chloroform and carbon tetrachloride to give thallium(I) chloride 25), gives a characteristic red coloration with carbon disulfide, and undergoes the Diels-Alder reaction with maleic anhydride 110). It is rapidly decomposed by acids, but is stable to water this latter fact has been interpreted (55) in terms of the small free energy change for the reaction... 

From this and the relation between the equilibrium for ester formation and the pAT of the acid, °° we estimate the free energy change for the reaction... 

All metals, except those belonging to the platinum group, form chlorides and the free energy change for the reaction (referred to as reaction (1))... 

In this, to the free energy change for the reaction involving the interaction of chlorine and the metal oxide, is added the large value of the free energy of formation of carbon dioxide from its constituent elements. 

At 800 °C, the standard free energy change for the reaction is -45.60 kj. Carbon for reduction and chlorine for chlorination are provided by certain compounds like carbon tetrachloride, and these may be used. Using carbon tetrachloride, the chlorination may be conducted at a lower temperature (650-700 °C) according to the reaction ... 

At 25 °C the standard Gibbs free energy change for the reaction... 

In order to determine in which direction the reaction is spontaneous, we need to calculate the non-standard free energy change for the reaction. To accomplish this, we will employ the equation AG = AG° + RTlnQc, where... 

Using the well known relation between an equilibrium constant and the standard state free energy change for the reaction, AG° = —RT In K, one can re-write this equation as... 

In semiclassical ET theory, three parameters govern the reaction rates the electronic couphng between the donor and acceptor (%) the free-energy change for the reaction (AG°) and a parameter (X.) related to the extent of inner-shell and solvent nuclear reorganization accompanying the ET reaction [29]. Additionally, when intrinsic ET barriers are small, the dynamics of nuclear motion can limit ET rates through the frequency factor v. These parameters describe the rate of electron transfer between a donor and acceptor held at a fixed distance and orientation (Eq. 1),... 

In broad terms the decomposition of organic matter under anaerobic conditions is expected to be slower than nnder aerobic conditions becanse the free energy changes for the reactions involved are mnch smaller (Table 4.1 and Fignre 4.3). For example, for the aerobic decomposition of CH2O ,... 

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