Free electron laser properties

J.R. Schneider Properties and scientific perspectives of a single-pass X-ray free-electron laser. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. R. A 388, 41 (1997)... 

First, the laser pulse energy is absorbed by free electrons due to the inverse bremsstrahlung within a skin layer. The thickness of the skin layer is determined by the laser hght wavelength and metal properties and is in the range of several tens of nanometers. Thermahzation of the excited electrons is determined by the electron—electron interaction time and is very fast. 

The first volume contained nine state-of-the-art chapters on fundamental aspects, on formalism, and on a variety of applications. The various discussions employ both stationary and time-dependent frameworks, with Hermitian and non-Hermitian Hamiltonian constructions. A variety of formal and computational results address themes from quantum and statistical mechanics to the detailed analysis of time evolution of material or photon wave packets, from the difficult problem of combining advanced many-electron methods with properties of field-free and field-induced resonances to the dynamics of molecular processes and coherence effects in strong electromagnetic fields and strong laser pulses, from portrayals of novel phase space approaches of quantum reactive scattering to aspects of recent developments related to quantum information processing. 

Radiation grafting [83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89] is a very versatile and widely used technique by which surface properties of almost all polymers can be tailored through the choice of different functional monomers. It covers potential applications of industrial interest and particularly for achieving desired chemical and physical properties of polymeric materials. In this method, the most commonly used radiation sources are high-energy electrons, y-radiation, X-rays, U.V.-Vis radiation and, more recently, pulsed laser [90], infrared [91], microwave [92] and ultrasonic radiation [93]. Grafting is performed either by pre-irradiation or simultaneous irradiation techniques [94, 95]. In the former technique, free radicals are trapped in the inert atmosphere in the polymer matrix and later on the monomer is introduced into... 

The combination of supersonic-jet-laser spectroscopy and high-level ab initio calculations provides a powerful method for probing the geometrical structure and photophysical properties of small molecules. In this chapter, we described the experimental and theoretical characterizations of geometrical structures and elementary photoprocesses in supersonic free jet. The major focus of the review was on the OODR spectroscopy, which is designed to identify and characterize dark electronic states of the molecule. The main conclusions that emerge from the review can be summarized as follows. 

The impulse model is applied to the interpretation of experimental results of the rotational and translational energy distributions and is effective for obtaining the properties of the intermediate excited state [28, 68, 69], where the impulse model has widely been used in the desorption process [63-65]. The one-dimensional MGR model shown in Fig. 1 is assumed for discussion, but this assumption does not lose the essence of the phenomena. The adsorbate-substrate system is excited electronically by laser irradiation via the Franck-Condon process. The energy Ek shown in Fig. 1 is the excess energy surpassing the dissociation barrier after breaking the metal-adsorbate bond and delivered to the translational, rotational and vibrational energies of the desorbed free molecule. 

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