Fraud, commercial

Comparison of the relevant preapproval batch or batches and proposed commercial production batches CDER chemists are responsible for the comparison of the formulation, manufacturing instructions, and associated in-process and Qnished product tests and specifications established for the relevant preapproval batch or batches with the proposed commercial production batch to determine the acceptability of the firm s proposed scale-up procedure. The Field will compare the process used to make the preapproval batches with the actual process used to manufacture the validation batches. Significant differences in these processes will be evaluated by CDER s Office of Compliance, to determine whether the differences constitute fraud, and by the reviewing officers, to determine whether differences in the processes will affect the safety and effectiveness of the resulting product. 

States should establish and maintain effective national safety and quality assurance systems to protect consumer health and to prevent commercial fraud. 

Analogous procedures have been proposed for the identifica-tiott of butcher s meats (Jess and Uhlenhuth), for the identification of bones, for the determination of commercial albumins in fraud investigations, etc. 

In this respect frauds may occur by altering young vinegars that will be commercialized as old or extra old products upon modification of their physico-chemical properties, like density, color, etc. 

An attorney representing an injured employee can commit fraud by manipulating the case to increase the cost of the claim unnecessarily in order to maximize the amount of money garnered by a client or the law firm itself. We have aU seen the commercials declaring, If you have been injured on the job, we will fight for you. Do not necessarily think that all of these firms are tainted by fraud. They reaUy do provide a service to employees who have been injured and are being treated unjustly by their employer. However, attorneys may manipulate the system for personal gain beyond that which should be considered as part of the actual injury. 

Peyghambarian at the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, in collaboration with Marder at CalTech, Pasadena, CA, USA, investigated the use of holographic and phase change properties emanating from 3rd-order NLO effects in CPs for the encryption of credit cards for foolproof identification and to prevent fraud [873]. To date, however, the technology has not been commercially implemented. 

Another important Gilded Age commercial development was the use of advertising for mass marketing of consumer products. Although consumers had been sickened and defrauded by purveyors of adulterated food for centuries, the advent of large-scale advertising and impersonal multi-state markets made massive consumer fraud a commonplace occurrence. ... 

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