Frame requirements

The limiting reactant in a reaction is the reactant that governs the maximum yield of product. A limiting reactant is like a part in short supply in a motorcycle factory. Suppose there are eight wheels and seven motorcycle frames. Because each frame requires two wheels, there are enough wheels for only four motorcycles, so the wheels play the role of the limiting reactant. When all the wheels have been used, three frames remain unused, because they were present in excess. 

So validation may not only involve the time frame required to perform it, it may also involve questions of the models (or at least the number of models) being tested. 

These circumstances have important implications for management because drug treatment of the depressive phase may precipitate a manic episode, rapid cycling, or a more virulent course of the illness ( 3). Thus, if bipolar disorder is known or suspected, patients are best managed acutely, as well as for maintenance/prophylaxis, with a mood stabilizer. An antidepressant should be added only when necessary and for the shortest time frame required to alleviate the depressive symptoms. 

The potential storage of the mass spectrometer output in digital form has made possible the matching of mass fractograms against computer file stored reference data and hence the rapid identification of the material so that multi-component systems, after prior separation by GC or LC techniques, can be analyzed within the time frame required for the thruput of the sample... 

In principle, immobilization of homogeneous catalysts allows combining of all advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. In this frame, requirements for successful immobilization of catalysts are the following [2]... 

I know some of you will say "All well and good. When you have plenty of time. But what about the situations that require immediate action " If you ll stay with me, I ll address this issue later, but I will say now that the necessary review can be done within the time frame required by the agency to make a decision. 

Although a surface in an ambient environment may appear clean, in reality the surface is covered with a layer or layers of adsorbed species. These species may be either physically or chemically adsorbed to the surface, but in both instances prevent the study of a truly clean surface. Under a vacuum environment, such surface contaminants can be removed into the gas phase by sputtering the surface with energetic ions. Once the surface contaminants have been removed, ultrahigh vacuum conditions are required to keep the sample clean. For example, at a pressure of 1 X 10 Torr, a sample receives a flux of approximately 5 X 10 " molecules s cm . Assuming a surface density of 10 atoms cm and a sticking probability of 1 for the adsorption of the gas phase species, the sample would be covered by one monolayer of adsorbed species in seconds. Conversely, by working at pressures below 1 x 10 Torr, a sample can be easily maintained free of contaminants for times on the order of hours, the time frame required for most surface science experiments. 

The primary purpose for most dermatopharmacokinetic models is to quantitate the linkage between anatomical and physiological properties of skin that play rate-limiting roles in absorption with target sites for which concentrationtime profiles are needed. The complexity of the models is a function of the chemical being studied as well as the level of precision (concentration, time frame) required for the prediction. For example, models created to estimate total percent dose absorbed are much simpler than those designed to predict the time and magnitude of peak plasma concentrations in a subject. 

To establish the most effective pollution control strategies, it is important to start with an inventory of the sources, mass emission rates, and types of pollutants being discharged in the area of concern. This is accomplished by a detailed analysis of the emissions from each major point source of the inventory area. Data obtained by actual measurements are used whenever possible. But when these are not available, chemical and engineering theory is applied to come up with the best possible emission estimates within the time frame required for the inventory. Moving sources, such as automobiles, buses, and aircraft, are tallied by averages per unit, times the number of kilometers per unit, times the number of units to come up with good estimates for the contributions from these. 

In developing these new algorithms, the requirements for sensors added more of them outside of the central control module for two reasons. First, some types of crash were difficult to detect within the short time frame required for deployment (such as offset pole crashes) and the solution was to provide a high-g precrash sensor within the front of the vehicle. And second, the need for side-impact detection required deployment decisions even faster that the frontal crashes (within approximately 5 ms). Both of these requirements moved accelerometers to satellite positions closer to the perimeter of the vehicle where they are more likely to pick up impacts from small objects. 

In consideration of these circumstances, the committee believes that the states may not possess sufficient resources to make regulatory determinations for the non-stockpile program within the time frame required by the CWC schedule. While the Army provides funds to the states under cooperative agreements to oversee chemical agent operations, it is unclear whether the states are being provided sufficient funds given these unique challenges. 

Figure 4.5 (a) A three-axis pressure-temperature-composition frame, required to display the phase relations in a... 

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