Fossils consolidation

Structural consolidation depends on placing the consoUdant where strengthening is required. Distribution of the solid consolidant in the object should be as uniform as possible to reduce stresses at interfaces. However, uniformity of distribution is not easily achieved and seems possible only if the consolidant can be immobilized where it is needed. This can be achieved using consolidants, which react by cross-linking with themselves or the object, for example silane consolidation of fossils but not the matrix (Davidson and Alderson, 2009). The consolidant can be immobilized by freezing it in situ, as in the poly(ethylene glycol) consolidation of waterlogged wood (Jensen and Jensen, 2006). The penetration of the consolidant into the smaller pores or molecular structure is... 

Howie, F. M. P. (1984). Materials used for conserving fossil specimens since 1930 a review. In N. S. Bromelle (Ed.), Adhesives and consolidants, Paris Congress, 2-8 September 1984 Preprints (pp. 92-97). International Institute for Conservation. 

Higher-molecular-weight PEGs (6000 and 12000) have been used for consolidating fossil bone (Baumgartner and Lanooy, 1982). 

Biscula, C., Elkin, L. K., Davidson, A. (2009). Consolidation of fragile fossil bone from Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia (late Cretaceous) with Conservare OH 100. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 48, 37-50. 

Diatomaceous Silica n Si02 7H20. Pigment White 27 (77811). A form of hydrous silica, processed from natural diatomate, a sedimentary rock of varying degrees of consolidation that is composed essentially of the fossilized... 

F. Howie, Materials Used for Preserving Fossil Specimens Since 1930 A Review , Adhesives and Consolidants (London, 1984), pp. 92-97. 

The consolidation of the use of wood as the main renewable feedstock for energy production, as an alternative to fossil fuels, will depend on the economically, environmentally and socially sustainable production of this biomass (lEA, 2002). 

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