Forward genetics defined

Based on the individual variability in the behaviour of the liver cell towards foreign substances and drugs, the thesis was put forward that both the effectiveness as well as the side-effects of medicaments are genetically determined (A.G. Motulsky, 1957). As a result, the term pharmacogenetics (F. Vogel, 1959) was introduced to define clinically relevant, hereditary differences in the effects of drugs which lead to abnormal reactions in patients (due to genetic polymorphism). (17, 22, 99, 103)... 

Looking forward, advances in molecular biology and genetic engineering will lead to further discoveries of how drugs and metabolites are transported by the kidney and Uver. This will undoubtedly involve characterization of the substrate binding site of transport proteins and the mechanisms involved in transporter induction and inhibition. Furthermore, the role of genetic polymorphisms on individual transport systems will become better defined. 

Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) said We live forward but can only think backward. For over 100 years, a disease has been defined as a histopathological abnormality of an organ or tissue, caused by an infection, genetic defect, or environmental stress, and characterized by an identifiable group of clinical symptoms and physical signs. 

This approach defines the evaluation function of the genetic algorithm as a neural network. The genetic operators are used to train the parameters of the neural network. The evaluation function is the forward stage of the neural network, while the genetic parameters are improved in the back-propagation stage of the neural network. 

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