Formulation gardener

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one of the most widely used thermoplastics. It can be extruded into sheets and film and blow molded into bottles. It is used in many common items such as garden hoses, shower curtains, irrigation pipes, and paint formulations. 

Endosulfan formulations are used in commercial agriculture and home gardening (Coleman and Dolinger 1982). They are also used for wood preservation (HSDB 1999). 

Phenoxyacids (PA) have been widely used as herbicides in agriculture, forestry, and, to a lesser extent, garden activities. The principal products are represented by 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlo-rophenoxyacetic acid) and MCPA (4-chloro, 2-methylphenoxyacetic acid) (Stevens and Sumner, 1991). 2,4,5-T has been banned in many countries for a long time because of contamination of the commercial formulations of 2,4,5-T by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin. At present, dioxin contamination of these formulations has been reduced to very low concentrations. 

Workers in industries that manufacture and formulate disulfoton, farm workers who enter treated fields after the insecticide has been applied and, in particular, applicators of the insecticide are at a higher risk of exposure than the general population. Among the general population, people who use the insecticide in homes and garden applications are at a higher risk of exposure, as are people who live near hazardous waste sites containing disulfoton. 

Long before the advent of professional applicators and the formation of a youth chemical work force, most homeowners dealt directly with local retailers. Perceiving a problem with their lawn, homeowners might approach a garden supply or hardware store owner or employee, describe the conditions they see, and leave the store with the product recommended by the local expert. The companies that supplied chemical formulations to these retailers-the formulator firms who buy, mix, and brand chemical combinations-were largely hidden from... 

Several commercial brands of soap are especially formulated and labeled for use on garden vegetables. Some of these may be mixed with other pesticides to increase the effectiveness of both. Commercially labeled soaps are the only soaps recommended for use in the home garden. Be sure to use them only as recommended on the label. 

Sulfonated EPDMs are formulated to form a number of rubbery products including adhesives for footwear, garden hoses, and in the formation of calendered sheets. Perfluori-nated ionomers marketed as Nation (DuPont) are used for membrane applications including chemical-processing separations, spent-acid regeneration, electrochemical fuel cells, ion-selective separations, electrodialysis, and in the production of chlorine. It is also employed as a solid -state catalyst in chemical synthesis and processing. lonomers are also used in blends with other polymers. 

It was based on these uniqueness and commonalities, my colleague and I submitted a paper entitled Crystal Structure and A Unique martensitic Transition of TiNi to a Journal concerned with metals and alloys for publication in 1965. But, the paper was rejected outright by two anonymous reviewers who could not accept our observation that the Nitinol transition was unique. Obviously the reviews contend that by accepting Nitinol transition being unique, may make all other martensitic transformations garden variety. This may upset the theory of martensitic transition formulated thus far. We then, submitted the paper to the Journal of Applied Physics and was accepted for publication and eventually appeared in print [10]. A few months after the appearance of this article, the editor of the very journal that rejected my paper, asked me to review two papers on Nitinol for the journal. Suddenly, I was an undisputed expert in Nitinol Up to this point I had not really start to apply covalent-bond concept but devoting more time in collecting experimental data [14,15], which may be important in support or non-support of covalent-bond concept. 

One extremely large, potential market for carboxymethylcellulose seems to be in the soil-conditioning field, where its ability to improve soil-water-air relationships is of interest.130 By the summer of 1952, it had appeared in home-gardening formulations, but its chief drawback seems to be its inability to withstand the ravages of soil bacteria. 

The following 12 formulations are commonly used in agriculture, in the home and garden, as well as those employed in structure and commercial pest control. 

Many of the insecticides sold for garden use are in the form of wettable powders because there is very httle chance that this formulation will bum foliage, even at high concentrations. In contrast, the original carrier in emulsifi-able concentrates is usually an aromatic solvent, which in relatively moderate concentrations can cause fohage burning at temperatures above 32.5°C (90°F). 

Although this natural substance is present in a number of plants, the sonrce of most rotenone nsed in the United States is the dried derris root imported from Central and South America. It is formulated as dusts, powders, and sprays (less than 5% active ingredient) for use in gardens and on food crops. Many prodncts contain piperonyl butoxide as synergist, and other pesticides are inclnded in some commercial products. Rotenone degrades rapidly in the enviromnent. Emulsions of rotenone are applied to lakes and ponds to kill fish. 

The active substances are not used as neat chemicals. They are sold as formulated products. Products for small-scale use in house or garden are often ready-to-use formulas. That means they come in diluted form, often in spray cans, and can be used as they are. For large-scale use this is not economical, because a large part of the spray mix is simply water, needed to dilute the active substance. Therefore, pesticide products for use in agriculture or vector control are concentrates. They are diluted with water... 

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